1. Personality and Values
Modified by Shahbaz Khan

2. Personality Personality:(Shaksiat)
Personality refers to individual differences in characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling and behaving.
The sum total of ways in which an individual reacts to and interacts with others.

3. Personality
Personality Traits
Personality traits reflect people’s characteristic patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors
permanent characteristics that describe an individual’s behavior.
Measuring Personality:
Through Personality tests

4. Myers-Briggs Type Indicators
Is the most widely used personality assessment instrument in the world.
100 question personality test that ask people how they act in particular situations.
He described following personalities types
Apple, At&T, Google etc all use this test

5. Myers-Briggs Type Indicators
The Myers–Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) assessment is a psychometric questionnaire designed to measure psychological preferences in how people perceive the world and make decisions.
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) A personality test that taps four characteristics and classifies people into 1 of 16 personality types.
Individuals are classified as follow
Extraverted:
individuals are outgoing , social, and self-confident
Introverted:
are quite and shy
Sensing:
they are practical and prefer routine and order. They focus on details.
Intuitive:
they rely on unconscious processes and look at a big picture. Good intuition comes from years of knowledge and experience that allows you to understand how people and the world works

6. Myers-Briggs Type Indicators
Thinking:
they use reasons and logics to handle problems
Feeling:
they rely on personal values and emotions
Judging:
they want control and prefer their world to be ordered and structured.
Perceiving:
they are flexible and spontaneous

7. Myers-Briggs Type Indicators
When four of these characteristics are combined it builds a new personality.
As a whole there are 16 personality types.
for example ( INTJs Introverted. intuitive., thinking and judging people are visionaries. They have original minds and great drive of ideas)

8. The Big Five Personality Model
It is a personality assessment model that taps five basic dimensions(scope).
Extraversion:  It indicates how outgoing and social a person is.
Example When an extravert is in a group, he or she meets and greets everyone with enthusiasm, not reserve or fear.
high extraverts (social, outgoing and self-confident)
low extraverts/ Introverts (reserved, coward, quite)
Agreeableness:
Agreeable individuals value getting along with others. They are friendly, generous, helpful, and willing to compromise their interests with others'. Agreeable people also have an optimistic view of human nature
Page 138

9. The Big Five Personality Model
Conscientiousness: Conscientiousness describes how organized and disciplined a person is and also how careful they are in certain situations. These people are efficient and organized as opposed to easy-going and disorderly.
Highly Conscientiousness (Responsible, Dependable, Persistent and Organized)
Low Conscientiousness (easily distracted, disorganized and unreliable)
Emotional Stability:
It refers to a person's ability to remain calm when faced with pressure or stress.
Positive Emotional Stability (calm, self-confident and secure)
Negative Emotional Stability (nervous, anxious, depressed, and insecure)
Sales Manager of Hertz always shouting

10. The Big Five Personality Model
Openness to Experience:
People who like to learn new things and enjoy new experiences usually score high in openness.
Extremely Open (creative, curious, artistically sensitive)
Less Open (conventional and find comfort with similarities).
Example-I have an excellent idea, My son always trying new things technically
Page 143 Case Study

11. Other Personality traits(special qualities) relevant to OB
Core Self-Evaluation:
The degree to which people like or dislike themselves, whether the person sees himself as capable and effective, and whether the person feels himself in control of the environment. Example Salesman, Customer service etc
Positive self-evaluation leads to higher job performance and job satisfaction.
Machiavellianism:
personality trait which sees a person so focused on their own interests they will manipulate, deceive, and exploit others to achieve their goals.
High Mach manipulate more, win more, and persuade less and persuade others more , they like their job less and involve in deviant work place behavior.

12. Other Personality traits relevant to OB
Narcissism:
The term is from the Greek myth Narcissus, a man so vain and proud he fell in love with his own image.
The person has a high-flying sense of self importance, require self admiration, has a sense of entitlement and is arrogant
Rated as worse in leadership by their supervisors.
They are selfish and believe that other exist for their benefit.
Self Praise, blame others, take credit for every success

13. Other Personality traits relevant to OB
Self- Monitoring:
The ability of a person to adjust his or her behavior to external situational factors.
High self-monitor show considerable adaptability in adjusting their behavior, they are highly sensitive to external cues, high self monitor are capable to present contradicting behavior between their public persona and their private self.
Late sitting culture of UET

14. Other Personality traits relevant to OB
Risk-Taking:
The ability of a person to take risk while decision making.
High risk-taking managers take rapid decisions and use less information than did the Low risk-taking managers.
Case Study Page 157

15. Other Personality traits relevant to OB
Type A Personalities:
Aggressive involvement in a chronic [constant], incessant[un interrupted] struggle to achieve more and more in less and less time and, if requires against the opposing efforts of other things or other people.
Characteristics:
Always moving, walking and eating rapidly
Feel impatient
Think or do two or more things at once
Cannot cope with leisure time
Are obsessed with numbers, always calculate their success in terms of how many and how much.
They operate under high level of stress

16. Other Personality traits relevant to OB
Type B personalities:
Rarely harried by the desire to obtain a wildly increasing number of things.
They never suffer from the sense of urgency or impatience
Can relax without guilt and so on
Type A have more chances to get hired during interviews.

17. Other Personality traits relevant to OB
proactive personality:
People who identify opportunities, show initiative, take actions, and persist until meaningful change occurs.
They create positive change in their environment even in spite of obstacles.
They are more likely to seen as leaders
They achieve more career success than others.

18. Values
Important and lasting beliefs or ideals shared by the members of a culture about what is good or bad and desirable or undesirable. Values have major influence on a person's behavior and attitude and serve as broad guidelines in all situations.
Attributes of values:
content: (mode of conduct and end state of existence is important)
Intensity: (how important this mode of conduct and end state of existence is?)
Value System:
is a hierarchy of individual values based on their importance.

19. The importance of values
Values influence attitudes and behavior
Suppose you enter an organization with the view that allocating pay on the basis of performance is right, while allocating pay on the basis of seniority is wrong.
How will you react if you find the organization you’ve just joined rewards seniority and not performance? You’re likely to be disappointed—and this can lead to job dissatisfaction and a decision not to exert a high level of effort because “It’s probably not going to lead to more money anyway.”
Would your attitudes and behavior be different if your values aligned with the organization’s pay policies? Most likely

20. Classification of values
The Rokeach Value Survey (RVS) is a classification system of values. Developed by social psychologist Milton Rokeach, the system consists of two sets of values, 18 individual value items in each. One set is called terminal values the other instrumental values

21. Classification of values
Rokeach Value Survey
Terminal Values:
signify the objectives of the life of a person – the ultimate things the person wants to achieve through his or her behaviour (the destination he wants to reach in life) – I want to be a Doctor only
Instrumental Values:
indicate the methods an individual would like to adopt for achieving his life’s aim (the path he would like to take to reach his destination)

22. Impact of individual personality and values on workplace
Person-Job Fit:
the theory argues that satisfaction is highest and turnover is low when personality and occupation are in agreement.
Person-Organization Fit:
It argues that people are attracted to and selected by organizations that match their values, and they leave organizations that are not compatible with their personalities.