1. For each animal pair identify the characteristics that they have in common

3. TOAD

5. OWL

7. Of all the animals that you just viewed, what are some characteristics that they all have in common?

8. Where are Chordates in relation to the other animals?

9. The Chordate Family Tree
The chordate family tree has its roots in ancestors that vertebrates share with tunicates & lancelets

10. The Chordate Family Tree

11. Evolutionary Trends in Vertebrates
A rapid increase in the # & diversity of land vertebrates followed the evolution of 4 limbs

12. Chordate Diversity

13. Vertebrates
Vertebrates
Animals with a backbone

14. Vertebrates Phylum: Chordata Characteristics Backbone
Backbone (vertebrate) surrounds and protects a nerve cord
Skull and vertebrate are made of either bone or cartilage

15. Vertebrate Characteristics (cont)
4. Endotherms (warm-blooded animals) that maintained a constant body temperature
5. Ectotherms (cold-blooded animals) that body temperature changes with their environment

16. Body Temperature & Homeostasis
The control of body temperature is important for maintaining homeostasis in vertebrates, particularly in habitats where temperature varies widely with time of day & with season

17. Body Temperature & Homeostasis
The internal control of body temperature allows emperor penguins to live in cold Antarctic climates, where their feathers act as insulation

18. Body Temperature & Homeostasis
Endotherm - an animal whose body temp. is controlled from within; they can generate & retain heat inside their bodies
Birds & mammals are endotherms

19. Body Temperature & Homeostasis
Ectotherm - the body temperature is determined by the temperature of the environ.; the animals pick up heat from, or lose heat to, their environ.
Most reptiles, fishes, & amphibians are ectotherms

20. Bell ringer 4/26
Describe some advantages of being an ectotherm or endotherm.
Can you think of habitats that it would be more advantageous to be either one?

21. Ectotherms Advantages require little energy Metabolism is very slow
Need less food
Uses a variety of body
positions and behaviors to maintain body temp
Disadvantages
Cannot live in very cold climates
Can only survive temperature changes by becoming dormant during the cold periods
Metabolism only provides enough energy for short bursts of exertion

22. Endotherms Advantages Disadvantages Rapid metabolism
Not dependent on the environment
Can live in extreme cold
Disadvantages
Must eat large quantities of food regularly
Require some form of insulation to retain heat

24. Extreme Environments (Arctic/ Desert)
Animals need to have a whole range of specializations to be able to take advantage of these conditions.
Anatomical - Structures of the body.
Behavioural - The manner in which animals move and act.
Physiological - The internal functions of the animal from biochemical, to cellular, tissue, organ and whole organism levels.

25. Strategies that ectotherms and endotherms maintain optimal body temperature
Strategies of Ectotherms
Strategies of Endotherms
Anatomical
behavioral
physiological

27. Arctic Adaptations How have animals adapted to the harsh environment of the Arctic?
What makes the environment so harsh and seemingly inhospitable? 
What animals live in this environment? 
What threatens Arctic animal life? How? 

28. Form & Function in Chordates
Feeding:
The blunt, broad jaws & numerous teeth of crocodiles help them catch large prey, even in thick vegetation

29. Form & Function in Chordates
Feeding:
The digestive system of vertebrates have organs that are well adapted for different feeding habits

30. Form & Function in Chordates
Respiration:
As a general rule, aquatic chordates (tunicates, fishes, & amphibian larvae) use gills for respiration
Land vertebrates (adult amphibians, reptiles, birds, & mammals) use lungs

31. Form & Function in Chordates
Circulation:
During chordate evolution, the heart developed chambers & partitions that help separate oxygen-rich & oxygen-poor blood traveling in the circulatory system
The heart of fishes have 2 chambers, amphibians & most reptiles have 3 chambers, & crocodilians, birds, & mammals have 4 chambers

32. Form & Function in Chordates
Response:
Nonvertebrate chordates have a simple nervous system with a mass of nerve cells that form a brain
Vertebrates have a more complex brain with distinct regions, each with a different function

33. Form & Function in Chordates
Movement:
The skeletal & muscular systems support a vertebrate’s body & make it possible to control movement
Muscles & ligaments attach the appendages to the backbone & help control movement

34. Form & Function in Chordates
Reproduction:
Almost all chordates reproduce sexually
Vertebrate evolution shows a trend from external to internal fertilization