1. History & Govn’t of the United States & Canada

2. How did Climate & Location Affect Early People?
Arctic Tundra: people had to hunt caribou and other animals—too cold to grow crops!
Pacific Coast: mild climate allowed people to harvest salmon from the ocean and to split trees to make canoes and houses
SW Deserts: used irrigation techniques (moving water from a lake or river to dry area) to be able to farm on the dry land.
Great Plains: use of buffalo for food, clothing, shelter & tools.
Native Americans living east of the Mississippi: Built ceremonial mounds, hunted, grew crops and traded (shells & seawater pearls)
NE Woodlands: Natives living in tight-knit villages hunted turkey, geese, squirrels & deer.

3. European Settlement: 1500s
The Spanish owned…
Florida & land west of the Mississippi
The French owned…
St. Lawrence R. & Mississippi R. near the Gulf
The British owned…
Atlantic coast & around Hudson Bay

4. Why did they immigrate?? God, Glory & Gold
Spanish settlements were founded as military posts or as missions (communities who converted Natives to Christianity)
French set up a fur trade along the St. Lawrence and Mississippi Rivers
British set up colonies along the Atlantic and around Hudson Bay in Canada
Upper: excellent harbor, poor soil (Canadian Shield). Used for shipbuilding & harbors
Middle: longer growing season, wide river valleys (growth & transportation)
South: EXCELLENT soil + extended growing season = large plantations  slaves

6. English Colonies in 1700s
Upper: excellent harbor, poor soil (Canadian Shield). Used for shipbuilding & harbors, fishing
Middle: longer growing season, wide river valleys (growth & transportation)
South: EXCELLENT soil + extended growing season = large plantations  need for slaves
Eventually, the English would go on to be the most powerful group among European colonists (THEY WERE RICH!! The French became poor after a war in France)

7. New Countries
1763
France forced to give up North American Empire to British, causing conflict between Natives & Europeans.
Europeans pushed Natives out, causing the destruction of the Native culture
In 1760s, Britain began imposing taxes & 1775: American Revolution began 
After victory, America set up a republic
Constitution signed in 1787

8. Republic Rejects monarchy People elect their officials
George Washington (leader of Cont. Army) was 1st president

9. New Countries
Colonists who did NOT want to break away are called Loyalists
Moved to present-day Canada
Loyalists & French ppl formed Dominion of Canada (1867)
w/in British Empire
Own country 1931
Monarch still head of state

10. Growth 1803: Louisiana Purchase War with Mexico gave U.S. more land
Bought land b/w Mississippi River and Rockies from France
War with Mexico gave U.S. more land
Texas became free from Mexico in 1836, then joined U.S. in 1845
Why Texas?
Rich soil + warm climate = $$$$$$
1840s: won more land through war
California, Nevada & Utah
Parts of Colorado, Wyoming, Arizona & New Mexico

12. Growth California Gold Rush: 1849
Discovery of gold  movement westward
San Francisco 49ers.. 
USA bought Alaska from Russia in 1867
Alaska did not become a state until 1959
Eventually bought Hawaii as well

13. Growth Emphasis on settlement in Great Plains (interior)
Ease crowding in Eastern cities (NYC) because of recent European immigration
Farming in the region  more food for urban, highly populated areas

14. What effect did westward growth have on Native Americans?
Steady loss of lands
Restrictions on traditional ways of life

15. Growth Northeast U.S.- industry, manufacturing (coal mines)
Result: $$$
Midwest U.S.- business, transport (lots of rivers)
Profit!! $$$
South- Cotton cash crop (needed for textile industry)
Result: $$$ & need for slaves

16. Division South used slave labor on plantations
Some escaped to Canada (where slavery is illegal)
Used Underground Railroad
Series of “safe houses” used to help slaves escape to the north

18. Division
Disputes over slavery and economic issues  South left the U.S.
Civil War ( )
North won under Pres. Lincoln
Slavery abolished, given equal rights eventually

19. Amendments
13th: abolished slavery
14th: African-Americans now citizens
15th: Any race can vote
19th: Any race & sex can vote (women)

20. Late 1800s: transcontinental railroads built
Social Change
Late 1800s: transcontinental railroads built
Chinese, Irish, and Mexican immigrants used to build RRs
Early 1900s: assembly line allows for mass production (esp. cars)

21. WWI and WWII sparked economic growth for U.S. & Canada 
Social Change
WWI and WWII sparked economic growth for U.S. & Canada 
Trade partnership grew (more than any 2 countries in the world)

22. Social Change
Women, African Americans & Hispanics are participating in politics and in the workplace
Native rights also improving
Inuit in Canada: independence in 1999; creation of Nunavut

23. Government Both countries have… DEMOCRACIES Constitutions
National govn’t shares power with state/provincial govn’ts.
Supreme court w/ 9 judges
3 branches

24. Government U.S. has 3 branches
Executive (Pres., Vice Pres., & Cabinet)
Judicial (9 judges)
Legislative (Congress)
Senate
House of Representatives

25. Government Canada has 3 branches
Executive (Prime minister, cabinet, and appointed governor-general)
Judicial (9 judges)
Legislative (Parliament)
Senate
House of Commons