1. Chemical Injury and V. Biological Injury

2. Chemical Injury Poison to the cell
It is the dose and chemical composition that make something poisonous
Affects permeability of the cell membrane
Tylenol can be poisonous in high concentrations, lead is poisonous is small amounts

3. Vitamin C—you can take as much as you want (as is B)
Vitamins
Vitamin C—you can take as much as you want (as is B)
It is water soluble and passes through you
Vitamin E—fat soluble and can be toxic to the liver (as can A,D,E,K)

4. Carcinogens: Chemicals that lead to cancer (CA)

5. Biological Injury
Parasites
Bacteria
Viruses

6. Parasites Parasites are a world-wide problem
Malaria still kills many individuals
Parasites are not common in the USA
Person probably out of the county

7. Malaria Parasite ©http://zap. intergate

8. Worms ©http://www.dherbs.com/store-images/parasite.jpg

9. Bacteria Bacterium: a tiny, primitive cell lacking a nucleus
Bacteria are too large to get inside of our cells; they usually cause disease through a release of toxins
They take in glucose and release toxins which make you sick

10. Example: Bacteria in the back of your throat
What defenses do you have?
Mucus
Protects every cell
Every day you come into contact with irritating bacteria
Mucus cells protect you from this

11. Bacteria may cause a number of diseases p. 10
Bacteria love 98.6*F
Ideal for binary fission to occur (reproduction)
Bacteria may cause a number of diseases p. 10

12. Besides mucus cells, our bodies have another defense mechanism
Immune response
EX. You come down with strep throat; what happens to your body?

14. Immune Cells Outline
Leukocytes: the cells of the immune system (also known as white blood cells)
Two basic types of leukocytes:
1. Phagocytes: engulf and destroy foreign bodies (common defense for bacterial infections)
Neutrophils
Monocytes
Macrophage

15. 2. Lymphocytes: cells that allow the body to remember and recognize previous invaders and help to destroy them (common defense for viral infections)
Two types of lymphocytes:
T lymphocytes (from the thymus)
B lymphocytes (from bone marrow)

16. First Line of Defense Against Bacteria
Neutrophils
Most common type of white blood cells
Main component of pus
“Watch dogs” of your immune system

17. Recognize, attack, and consume bacteria through phagocytosis
Phagocytosis: engulfing of bacteria, cellular debris, etc.

18. Phagocytosis

19. Contain numerous lysosomes filled with digestive enzymes (nonspecific granules)

20. Neutrophil

21. Provide chemical signals called LYMPHOKINES that carry messages between the cells of the immune system
There are many types of lymphokines—they are collectively known as interleukins

23. Neutrophil ©http://www3.umdnj.edu/histsweb/lab5/images/neutrophil.jpg

24. Neutrophil ©http://www.aamdsglossary.co.uk/i/c/1_neutrophil.jpg

25. Illustration of a Neutrophil ©http://www. dkimages

26. Neutrophil and a Bacterium ©http://www. chronicprostatitis

27. 2nd Line of Defense Monocytes Another type of white blood cell
Slower moving but much more lethal
By the time monocytes arrive, most of the bacteria are already dead

28. If monocyte level is elevated on a blood test, the infection has been going on for a while
Often elevated in chronic bacterial infections
(most bacterial infections are acute)

29. Monocyte ©http://faculty.une.edu/com/abell/histo/monocyte.jpg

30. Monocyte ©http://users.path.ox.ac.uk/~cholt/monocyte.jpg

31. Illustration of a Monocyte ©http://www. dkimages

32. Both neutrophils and monocytes are produced in the bone marrow
Most effective production occurs when you are sleeping
Why?
You are using the least amount of energy which can then be used to produce wbc
What is a common problem when students go to university?