2. Lectures in Veterinary Anesthesia
Muneer S. Al-Badrany
2-Butyrophenone
Minimal effect cardiovascular and respiratory system, Slight hypotension, Potent antiemetics
Azaperone:
Horses i.m dose mg/kg give good sedation, muscle tremor and sweat , i.v may be cause violent excitement horse
Droperidol:
Potent neuroleptic , extermely potent anti-emetic, antagonize respiratory depressant effects of morphine, it can used with combine with fentanyl in horses.
Fluanisone

3. Lectures in Veterinary Anesthesia
Muneer S. Al-Badrany
3-Benzodiazepines
Depression of limbic system, muscle-relaxant properties, inhibition neurone at spinal level, drug very safe, limited effect CVS
Diazepam:
Insolubale in water, solvent benzoic acid, ethanol, Sodium benzoate, should not mixed with other drugs, premeditation increase length of action, prior to ketamine
Midazolam
Zolazepam
Dose: mg/kg B.W.

4. Lectures in Veterinary Anesthesia
Muneer S. Al-Badrany
4-α2 adrenoceptor agonists
Clinical actions of α2 adrenoceptor agonists
Xylazine, detomidine, medetomidine: Action same but there is difference length of action , major side effect cardiovascular system, bradycardia stimulation vagus nerve, hypotension
Significant uterine Stimulation Abortion in very early and late pregenancy

5. Lectures in Veterinary Anesthesia
Muneer S. Al-Badrany
Xylazine:
Horses, dogs and cats require 10 times needed in cattle, sedation even less in horse than cattle, can given i.v., i.m., s/c, horse stay standing position in cow , small ruminiant may be recumbent
Side effect: muscle twitching in sheep, sweating horse, vomiting at onset dogs& cats. Increased uterine production, Salivation ruminants
Used as premedications, reduce dose of G.A, combination with other anesthetic drugs like ketamine
Dose: Ruminants mg/kg , Horse, Dog mg/kg

6. Lectures in Veterinary Anesthesia
Muneer S. Al-Badrany
Detomidine:
Similar action of Xylazine more power due to more specfic α2 adrenoceptor
Has no effect uterus, not cause abortion,less dose than xyalzine
Horse µg /kg, Cattle, µg /kg
Medetomidine:
Is very potent and selective α2 adrenoceptor, central and peripheral system
New product:
Romifidine
Antagonist of α2 adrenoceptor agonists Yohimbine, idazoxan, atipameziole

7. Lectures in Veterinary Anesthesia
Muneer S. Al-Badrany
Analgesia:
Analgesia an be provided by :
1- Use of local Anaesthesia
2- Use of opioid drugs
3- use of α2 adrenoceptor agonists

8. Lectures in Veterinary Anesthesia
Muneer S. Al-Badrany
Opioid analgesics
Provided analgesia, Wide range of side effects (Respiratory depression) nausea and vomiting dogs, constipation, high dose horse and cats cause excitement, high dose antagonist analesic effect of low dose.
General action
Uses: it used provided analgesia before, during and after surgery
Mixed with sedative drugs chemical control
Premedications with anesthetic drugs
Butrophenol:
Morphine
Pethidine
Fentanyl

9. Lectures in Veterinary Anesthesia
Muneer S. Al-Badrany
Hydromorphone 0.10 to 0.20 mg/kg
Oxymorphone 0.05 to 0.10 mg/kg
Morphine to 1.0 mg/kg
Fentanyl to mg/kg

10. Lectures in Veterinary Anesthesia
Muneer S. Al-Badrany
Butorphanol (only)
General Description
Mixed agonist/antagonist opioid with short duration and very mild sedative effects
Patient selection
Recommended use
In patients where:
Acepromazine use is a concern
Some analgesia and mild sedation is desired

11. Lectures in Veterinary Anesthesia
Muneer S. Al-Badrany
Cautionary information
The duration of analgesic effect is very short
45 to 60 minutes in the dog
60 to 90 minutes in the cat
Dosage
Dog to 0.40 mg/kg (0.05 to 0.2 mg/lb)
Cat to 0.40 mg/kg (0.05 to 0.2 mg/lb)
Increased dosages are NOT associated with an increase in analgesia
Doses exceeding 0.4 mg/kg (0.2 mg/lb) can cause undesirable excitatory effects
Routes of administration
IV, IM, or SC

12. Lectures in Veterinary Anesthesia
Muneer S. Al-Badrany
General Pharmacology of Parental anesthetic agent
The intravenous anesthetics are particularly useful for the induction of anesthesia which is to be continued by an inhalation technique, or where anesthesia of only short duration is required.
A significant difference between the intravenous anesthetics and those given by inhalation is that the action of intravenous agents is not as quickly reversible because unlike the inhalation agents they cannot be recovered from the patient.