1. Module 4 Comparative Advantage and Trade

2. What You Will Learn 1
How trade leads to gains for an individual or an economy The difference between absolute advantage and comparative advantage How comparative advantage leads to gains from trade in the global marketplace 2 3

3. Gains from Trade
The key to a much better standard of living for everyone is trade.
The reason we have an economy is that there are gains from trade.
Gains from trade arise from specialization.

4. Production Possibilities for Two Countries
Figure Caption:
Figure Production Possibilities for Two Economies
Here, each of the two economies has a constant opportunity cost of jet airplane production and a straight-line production possibility frontier. In the U.S. economy, each small jet always has an opportunity cost of 3⁄4 of a large jet.

5. U.S. and Brazilian Opportunity Costs
U.S. Opportunity Cost
Brazilian Opportunity Cost
One small jet
¾ of a large jet
⅓ of a large jet
One large jet
4/3 small jets
3 small jets

6. Comparative Advantage and Gains from Trade
Figure Caption:
Figure Production Possibilities for Two Economies
Here, each of the two economies has a constant opportunity cost of jet airplane production and a straight-line production possibility frontier. In Brazil’s case, each large jet always has an opportunity cost of 3 small jets.

7. Comparative Advantage and Gains from Trade
Both countries are better off when each specializes in what it is good at and they trade.
Brazil should specialize in small jets.
The United States should specialize in large jets.

8. Comparative Advantage and Gains from Trade
A firm has a comparative advantage in producing a good or service if the opportunity cost of producing the good is lower for that firm than for others.
A firm has an absolute advantage in an activity if it can do it better than other firms. Having an absolute advantage is not the same thing as having a comparative advantage.

9. Comparative Advantage and Gains from Trade
Comparative advantage is the basis for trade.
Trade can be beneficial to both even if one has an absolute advantage in the production of both goods.
The PPF teaches two important lessons:
By agreeing to specialize and trade, both traders can be better off.
Everyone has a comparative advantage in something.

10. Rich Nation, Poor Nation
Economics in Action
Rich Nation, Poor Nation
Most clothing is made overseas in countries that are much poorer than the United States.
The immediate reason for their poverty is that their economies are much less productive.
Even though these economies are much less productive, these countries hold a comparative advantage in clothing production.

11. Summary
A higher standard of living comes from specialization and trade.
Comparative advantage explains the source of gains from trade between individuals and countries.
Everyone has a comparative advantage in something.
Absolute advantage is the ability to produce a particular good or service better than anyone else.