1. International Relations
Cold War
Cuba
Vietnam
4,6,10 marker
Cartoon questions!

2. Causes of the Cold War

3. Background The USA was The USSR was capitalist communist
The Cold War was a ‘war’ involving the USA and the USSR in which no direct fighting actually occurred between the two countries, but tensions were very high.
The USA and the USSR in 1945 were two very different countries with very different beliefs:
The USA was The USSR was capitalist communist

4. Ideologies Communism Capitalism
There should only be one political party
Everyone must work for the state
We should only make as many products as we need
We will enforce strict censorship – no-one should criticise the state.
Fairness and equality for all!
There should be a variety of political parties for people to choose between
People should be free to start their own businesses and make a profit
We should make as many products as we can and sell them for profits
We believe in people having freedom of speech on political matters.
Freedom and opportunity for all!

5. Yalta Conference February 4–11, 1945 South Russia
Churchill, FDR and Stalin.

6. Outcomes of Yalta:
Germany divided into 4 zones (Russian, British, French and American)
Berlin (in the Russian zone) was also divided.
Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia became part of the USSR.
Other Eastern European countries to have free elections.
USSR to have influence in Poland, BUT non-communists allowed in the Polish government, and free elections to be held.

7. Potsdam Conference 17 July to 2 August 1945 Germany
Attlee, Truman and Stalin.

8. Outcomes of Potsdam: Decisions made at Yalta were confirmed.
Germany had to pay reparations in the form of equipment and raw materials.
Most of the reparations went to the USSR.

9. WSC, Fulton, Missouri, 1946

10. Soviet Expansion,

11. Soviet Expansion: KEY TERMS
Truman Doctrine
Marshall Plan
Cominform
Comecon

12. Truman Doctrine
Truman was massively anti-communism, and believed it spread where there was “misery and want” (of which there was plenty in post-war Europe). He said this in his February 1947 speech. It was part of his policy of ‘containment’ – stopping the spread of communism. Came on the back of Britain saying they couldn’t afford to pay to keep troops in Greece and Turkey; probably would have led to communists taking over in these 2 places. Truman said the USA would pay. Truman said the USA would was prepared to give help to any country under the threat of communism.

13. Marshall Aid totalled$13 billion given to 16 different countries:
Marshall Plan
Named after General George Marshall (US Secretary of State) in September 1947.
By ‘support’ he didn’t mean soldiers, but money. The USA was already owed $12 billion by European countries.
They offered to give money to any country who applied for it, and needed it.
Marshall Aid totalled$13 billion given to 16 different countries:
Britain - $2700 million
France - $2400 million

14. Cominform
Soviet Union formed Cominform in September It aimed to strengthen the ties between communist countries. The communist parties in Western Europe (especially strong in France and Italy) were ordered to try and wreck their countries’ use of American aid by striking, but they were unsuccessful.

15. Comecon
This was the Soviet Union’s version of the Marshall Plan. Stalin announced it in January The communist countries, however, didn’t have the surplus funds to provide financial assistance to each other.

16. Berlin Blockade and Airlift

17. Berlin Blockade
WHAT?
WHY?
All rail and road linked into WB blocked by USSR in June 1948
1. USSR wanted to force Allies out of Berlin by starving West Berlin into surrender, and making them depend on USSR. 2. Were afraid WB would recover, be too strong and become a threat to the USSR. 3. USSR thought the West had no right to be in their ‘zone’ highlighting capitalist ideas which contrasted against the Soviet lifestyle.

18. Outcomes
America and Britain flew 5000 tons of resources into WB per day
Non-stop flights
Over one year, there were 2 million tons of supplies and 275,000 flights
Blockade ended on 12th May 1949
West Germany became united, and no longer split into zones
NATO and Warsaw Pact set up.

19. What was the 3rd Hot Spot in the Cold War!
Cuban Missile Crisis!

20. Who was the American leader at the time of the Cuban Missile Crisis?
John F Kennedy

21. Who was the Cuban leader at the time of the Cuban Missile Crisis?
Fidel Castro

22. Who was the Russian leader at the time of the Cuban Missile Crisis?
Khrushchev

23. 1959-1961 It was tense/frosty/hostile.
It was tense as the USA had supported Batista, but he had been overthrown by Castro.
In January 1961, the USA broke off diplomatic relations.
The USA refused to buy Cuban sugar from July 1960 and in Oct 1960 ended all trade with Cuba.
It was hostile as Kennedy supported exiles who tried to overthrow Castro in the Bay of Pigs incident.

24. What was the Bay of Pigs?
1961, CIA convinced JFK that Castro should be overthrown
USA helped Cuban exiles to invade at the Bay of Pigs
Disaster!
JFK seriously embarrassed

25. Why did Cuban Missile Crisis happen? ASK
After Bay of Pigs invasion Castro made trade agreements with Russians
Spy planes from USA (U2s) photographed Soviet missiles in place on Cuba
Khrushchev wanted to put pressure on JFK to remove US missiles from Turkey

26. Communists on the Doorstep!!!
Cuba
The USA – just
90 miles away!

27. Kennedy was a young President, who was thought by many to be ‘soft on Communism’
Kennedy had already lost public support over ‘The Bay of Pigs’ incident in 1961
It was widely believed that Khrushchev, was looking for a ‘test’ for Kennedy.

28. What did JFK do? Big test for Kennedy!
Closest the world had ever been to nuclear war!
JFK accused Russians of ‘provocation’
Russians said they were just defending Russia
US ships launched a naval blockade

29. The Outcome
Khrushchev agreed to remove the missiles if the USA agreed to lift the blockade and promise not to invade Cuba
JFK agreed to this in public
In private, USA agreed to remove missiles from Turkey

30. Why was it a turning point?
JFK came out looking like a hero
Closest the world had come to nuclear war
Relationships between superpowers improved
A telephone ‘hot line’ set up between Russia and the White House
Nuclear Test Ban Treaty signed (banned testing nuclear weapons in the atmosphere, the sea or in space)
Kruschev was praised for knowing when to back down (but was criticised by the Chinese)

31. Vietnam

32. Background French colony – supported by the US
Gained freedom / independence in 1954
1954 to 1960, US sent equipment and military advisers
Advisers rose from 900 to 11,000
In 1954, US stopped free elections in case communists won
In 1955, they helped Diem set up the South
North – communist – Ho Chi Minh
South – ant-communist – Ngo Dinh Diem

33. Tet Offensive, 1968 ‘A major Vietcong offensive.’
‘Communist troops attacked major South Vietnamese towns and American bases.’
‘The American embassy in Saigon was attacked. ’
‘The American were forced to retreat at first but then regained all that ha d been captured.’
‘By the end of the offensive up to 60,000 communist troops had been killed.’
‘It happened during the Tet New Year celebrations.’

34. Why did the US become involved?

35. 1. Domino Theory

36. 2. Gulf of Tonkin 1964 North torpedoed US ships USS Maddox
Congress passed Resolution

37. American Tactics
Mortars, machine guns, rocked launchers, tanks, helicopters and armoured vehicles.
Would easily win a pitched battle, but not in jungle.
My Lai, March 1968 – 109. Nixon freed Calley after 3 days of life sentence.
Strategic villages: moved to new sites, barbed wire, access restricted, aid to gain support.
Defoliation – Agent Orange
Napalm – petroleum jelly, which killed 1000s

38. What was Guerrilla warfare?

39. Vietcong Tactics Avoided pitched battles with Americans
Guerrilla war – ambush, sabotage and quick attack and return to jungle
Supported by locals so could easily absorb into village life.
Americans couldn’t tell difference between VC and villagers.
Villagers wouldn’t help / speak to Americans
Received millions of tons of supplies provided from North Vietnam and China via Ho Chi Minh Trail
Underground network of tunnels – safe from Agent Orange

40. Facts and Figures Average age of American fighter was 19
109 villagers killed in My Lai, March 1968
300,000 South Vietnamese killed in 1968
58,202 Americans killed overall
400,000 South Vietnamese killed overall
900,000 North Vietnamese / Vietcong killed

41. Why did the USA withdraw?
Cost
US Tactics
Why did the USA withdraw?
Protest at Home
Vietcong Tactics

42. 1. Protest at Home First ‘televised war’
Images were put into their living rooms every night
Shown images of death and destruction – My Lai
“blood looks very red on the colour TV”
Songs: Pete Seeger, and ‘Give Peace a Chance’
3000 students protested at KSU – 4 killed

43. 2. Cost 58,202 US killed Napalm, Agent Orange My Lai – 300 killed
HUMAN
FINANCIAL
58,202 US killed
Napalm, Agent Orange
My Lai – 300 killed
300K Southerners killed in 1968
$20-30bn/year by 1968
Each VC death cost $400K – Life Mag
500,000 troops in Vietnam by 1968

44. Outcomes 1975 – Vietnam became communist. As did Laos and Cambodia.
A ceasefire was reached in 1973, but the war restarted in 1974 without the US involved.
1975 – Vietnam became communist. As did Laos and Cambodia.
1976 – South and North united to become one country.