1. Transportation Today Policy, Freight, Intercity Travel
Norman W. Garrick
Lecture 2
CE 2710

2. Transportation Today Cars and Planes
Two modes of travel have come to dominate transportation in modern America:
the gasoline engine automobile, which was invented in Germany in 1888,
the airplane, which dates back to the early 1900s. 
Manufacturing of automobiles on a production line basis dates back to 1908. 
Since the 1950s, the automobile has dominated short and medium distance travel and has facilitated the suburbanization of American cities.

3. Policy, Planning, Operations and Management

4. Policy, Planning, Operations and Management
Transportation is not just a physical system. 
Equally as important as the physical aspects of the system are the policies that determine how transportation is planned, designed, built, managed, priced and funded. 
Engineers typically focus on understanding the physical infrastructure, but the same infrastructure will serve transportation needs very differently, depending on the policy framework within which that infrastructure is located. 
Engineers must be fully versed on how policy might support or hinder specific planning or design goals. 

5. Policy, Planning, Operations and Management
Transportation Infrastructure includes physical aspects of the system, such as vehicles, travel way, terminus, toll or ticket purchasing systems and intermodal transfer. 
Transportation Policy may include issues such as governance (who builds, who owns, who maintains), taxes and incentives that determine the relative cost of different types of travel, zoning and design regulations, and the approach to planning.

6. Policy, Planning, Operations and Management
In the USA, there are many different agents involved in the provision of transportation service – both public and private. 
Typically, transportation involves a partnership between many different agents. 
For example, in air transportation the fixed infrastructure like the airports are usually owned and operated by the government, while the air service itself is provided by private companies.  Transportation may also involve many levels of government from the Federal to the State, Regional, and Local level

7. Freight Transportation

8. Freight Transportation
Freight transportation refers to the movement of goods of any type. 
Much of this course focuses on transportation in the public sector, and primarily on passenger transportation. 
Freight transportation is largely a private sector activity, but the public sector provides much of the infrastructure that is needed for freight transportation to operate.  It is therefore important not to overlook the presence of freight, and to understand its influence on the economy. 

9. Freight Transportation
Almost all businesses in the USA now depend on ‘just-in-time’ delivery, and internet commerce has significantly increased the importance of timely delivery of goods in all sectors of the economy.  Therefore freight transportation is an increasingly important and complex field of operation.   

10. Freight Transportation
Why is this background important?
Freight services use public infrastructure including
roads, rail (often the rail is owned by the freight company and used by public sector and not the other way around), bridges, tunnels, ports, airports
Freight operations are regulated by government
The freight industry is an important source of jobs for
transportation planners and engineers.  

11. Freight Transportation
Modes of Freight Transportation
Motor Carriers
Railroads
Pipelines
Water borne vessels
Air carriers (including mail parcel companies)

12. Intercity Travel

13. Intercity Travel
Intercity transportation refers to transportation for travel between cities located in different urban regions. 
These may include trip lengths any where from about 50 miles to thousands of miles.

14. Intercity Travel Modes for Intercity Travel Automobile Bus Rail Air
Water borne vessels

15. Intercity Travel How do the modes differ? Cost to build and operate
Cost to user (out-of-pocket and overall)
Door-to-door travel time (access, waiting and in-vehicle time)
Convenience/service/comfort
Safety
Energy use
Environmental factors (noise, air and water pollution)
Compatibility with surrounding land use (parking demand, nuisance, space needed)
Who pays for what (level of Government support)

16. Energy Use of Different Modes in USA in Mega-Joules per Passenger
Intercity Travel
Energy Use of Different Modes in USA
in Mega-Joules per Passenger
(Ref: Newman and Kenworthy)
Auto
2.9
Bus
1.6
Heavy Rail (electric)
0.4
Heavy Rail (diesel)
1.4
Light Rail
0.8

17. Rail versus Plane Washington to New York City
Need to integrate slide and 19 which were added in November 2014
225 miles

18. % People Choosing Rail versus Plane Washington to New York City
Need to integrate slide and 19 which were added in November 2014

19. Travel Time Rail versus Plane (in minutes) Washington to New York City
Need to integrate slide and 19 which were added in November 2014

20. Intercity Travel Factors affecting people’s choice of mode
Type and purpose of trip
Car ownership status
Cost (mostly out of pocket cost)
Door-to-door travel time
Convenience/service/comfort
Prestige
Availability
Accessibility of mode
Land use characteristics of start and end points

21. Intercity Travel Europe versus USA
In the USA intercity travel is dominated by automobile and air (except in the Northeast and to a lesser extent in California). 
In many European countries, rail is much more important that in the USA for trips from about 60 to 300 miles. 

22. Transportation Today Intercity Travel
Europe versus USA
A number of European and Asian nations have fast train systems that travel up to 200 miles per hour. 
Top speed in the USA rarely exceeds 80 miles per hour.  Many of these counties started developing their systems in the 1980s and have continued to expand. 
However, speed is not the only issue that is important for promoting train travel. 
For example, Switzerland does not have a high-speed train system but still boasts one of the best and most well used networks on the continent. 

23. Transportation Today Live View of Swiss Trains http://maps. vasile

24. Intercity Travel
The main factors that contribute to people using train more in Europe include
More compact, more walkable cities
Better public transit in cities
Fewer and more expensive parking spaces
Few highways penetrating the cities
High fuel taxes
Government support for rail (more comfortable, more reliable, more frequent trains)
Integration of the different modes (including rail and air)