1. Database management system (DBMS)
General Concepts
Database
Organized collection of logically related data
Data
Known facts
Types: text, figures, graphics, images, sound, videos…
Database management system (DBMS)
Software package for defining and managing a database

2. Usually a database contains more than one table.
A table is the primary unit of physical storage for data in a database.
Usually a database contains more than one table.

3. Field
Record
Primary key

4. Databases and DBMS
Metadata
Data that describes the properties or characteristics of other data
Allows database designers and users to understand the meaning of the data
Name
Type
Size
Description
REL_NUM
Integer 2
Relevé number
R_LOCATION
Text
255
Location
R_SURV_DATE
Date/Time 8
Date
R_SURVEYORS 50
Initials of surveyors
R_LATITUDE
Double
Northing, UTM
R_LONGITUDE
Easting, UTM
R_PHOTO_N 10
Aerial photo #
R_TOPOG_MAP 20
Topographic map

5. Relational Database
Data are organized into two or more tables
Relationships between entities are represented by values stored in the columns of the corresponding tables (keys)
Schema: a view that inter-relates tables to each other
Accessible through Standard Query Language (SQL)
Query: set of instructions to a database “engine” to retrieve, sort and format returning data

6. Schema

7. Schema

8. SQL Structured Query Language
SQL statements are used to retrieve and update data in a database
Syntax for executing queries, updating, inserting, and deleting records.
SELECT - extracts data from one or more table
INSERT INTO - inserts new data
UPDATE - updates data
DELETE FROM - deletes data

9. ON tab_releve.REL_NUM = tab_site.REL_NUM
Example
SELECT tab_releve.* FROM tab_releve INNER JOIN tab_site ON tab_releve.REL_NUM = tab_site.REL_NUM WHERE tab_site.SG_ELEVATION > 2000
SELECT tab_releve.*
FROM tab_releve
INNER JOIN tab_site
ON tab_releve.REL_NUM = tab_site.REL_NUM
WHERE tab_site.SG_ELEVATION > 2000

10. DBMS
Software package for defining and managing a database (aka DB “engine”)
Examples:
Proprietary: MS SQL Server, DB2, Oracle, Sybase
Open source: MySql, PostgreSQL

11. What is Microsoft Access?
“It is a Database”
No! Microsoft Access is an application development tool, not a Database Management System (DBMS)
Access has some DBMS-like features
Strictly, these are the features of a software component called Jet, which happens to be bundled with Access and other Microsoft products

12. Increased productivity of application development
DBMS Advantages
Enforced standards
Increased productivity of application development
centralization
availability
Minimal data redundancy
Improved data consistency and quality
access control
transaction control
data independence

13. A method for organizing data elements into tables
Normalization
A method for organizing data elements into tables
Done in order to avoid
Duplication of data
Insert anomaly
Delete anomaly
Update anomaly

14. Database normalization
Inconsistency
Name
Country
Sport1
Fee1
Sport2
Fee2
Sport3
Fee3
Total
Amado Adalberto LOPEZ BAUTISTA
Guatemala
Football 35
Golf 80
115
Sabil Damiao MANDALA
Mozambique
Swimming 60
Tennis 50
110
Ahmed Mohamed Harb RABIA
Egypt
Basket 30
Marta RONCHI
Italy
Alfred Kouly TINE
Senegal
Hockey 75
185
Cinzia LANFREDI SOFIA
Redundancy
Ambiguity

15. Database normalization
Name
Country
Sport1
Fee1
Sport2
Fee2
Sport3
Fee3
Total
Amado Adalberto LOPEZ BAUTISTA
Guatemala
Football 35
Golf 80
115
Sabil Damiao MANDALA
Mozambique
Swimming 60
Tennis 50
110
Ahmed Mohamed Harb RABIA
Egypt
Basket 30
Marta RONCHI
Italy
Alfred Kouly TINE
Senegal
Hockey 75
185
Cinzia LANFREDI SOFIA
Fee3
Sport3
Fee2
Sport2
Fee1
Sport1
Country
Name
Family Name
Second Name
First Name
Unpack the data
Reduce elements to non-decomposable (atomic) values

16. Database normalization
First Name
Second Name
Family Name
Country
Sport1
Fee1
Sport2
Fee2
Sport3
Fee3
Total
Amado
Adalberto
LOPEZ BAUTISTA
Guatemala
Football 35
Golf 80
115
Sabil
Damiao
MANDALA
Mozambique
Swimming 60
Tennis 50
110
Ahmed
Mohamed Harb
RABIA
Egypt
Basket 30
Marta
RONCHI
Italy
Alfred
Kouly
TINE
Senegal
Hockey 75
185
Cinzia
LANFREDI SOFIA
First Name
Second Name
Family Name
Country
Sport1
Fee1
Sport2
Fee2
Sport3
Fee3
Total
Sport
Fee
First Normal Form (1NF)
Eliminate duplicative columns from the same table.
Create separate tables for each group of related data and identify each row
with a unique column or set of columns (the primary key).

17. Database normalization
Id_student
First Name
Second Name
Family Name
Country
Total 1
Amado
Adalberto
LOPEZ BAUTISTA
Guatemala
115 2
Sabil
Damiao
MANDALA
Mozambique
110 3
Ahmed
Mohamed Harb
RABIA
Egypt 80 4
Marta
RONCHI
Italy 30 5
Alfred
Kouly
TINE
Senegal
185 6
Cinzia
LANFREDI SOFIA
Id_student
Id_sport
Id_sport
Sport
Fee 1
Football 30 2
Swimming 60 3
Tennis 50 4
Golf 80 5
Basket 6
Hockey 75
Second Normal Form (2NF)
Remove subsets of data that apply to multiple rows of a table and place them in separate tables.
Create relationships between these new tables and their predecessors through the use of foreign keys.

18. Database normalization
Id_student
First Name
Second Name
Family Name
Country
Total 1
Amado
Adalberto
LOPEZ BAUTISTA
115 2
Sabil
Damiao
MANDALA
110 3
Ahmed
Mohamed Harb
RABIA 80 4
Marta
RONCHI 30 5
Alfred
Kouly
TINE
185 6
Cinzia
LANFREDI SOFIA
Id_student
Id_sport
Id_sport
Sport
Fee 1
Football 30 2
Swimming 60 3
Tennis 50 4
Golf 80 5
Basket 6
Hockey 75
Id_country
Country 1
Guatemala 2
Mozambique 3
Egypt 4
Italy 5
Senegal
Third Normal Form (3NF)
Remove columns that are not fully dependent upon the primary key.

19. Database normalization
Id_student
First Name
Second Name
Family Name
Country 1
Amado
Adalberto
LOPEZ BAUTISTA 2
Sabil
Damiao
MANDALA 3
Ahmed
Mohamed Harb
RABIA 4
Marta
RONCHI 5
Alfred
Kouly
TINE 6
Cinzia
LANFREDI SOFIA
Id_student
Id_sport
Id_sport
Sport
Fee 1
Football 30 2
Swimming 60 3
Tennis 50 4
Golf 80 5
Basket 6
Hockey 75
Id_country
Country 1
Guatemala 2
Mozambique 3
Egypt 4
Italy 5
Senegal

20. Increased productivity of application development
DBMS Advantages
Enforced standards
Increased productivity of application development
Minimal data redundancy
Improved data consistency and quality
Program-data independence

21. Increased productivity of application development
DBMS Advantages
Enforced standards
Increased productivity of application development
Minimal data redundancy
Improved data consistency and quality
Program-data independence
Improved accessibility and data sharing

22. PostgreSQL
PostgreSQL is an object-relational database management system (DBMS) based on POSTGRES developed at the University of California at Berkeley Computer Science Department.
POSTGRES pioneered many concepts that only became available in some commercial database systems much later.
PostgreSQL is an open-source descendant of this original Berkeley code. It supports a large part of the SQL standard, offers many modern features and can be extended by the user in many ways.
The official manual is more than 2700 pages...

23. PostgreSQL
A server process, which manages the database files, accepts connections to the database from client applications, and performs database actions on behalf of the clients. The database server program is called postgres.
The user’s client (frontend) application that wants to perform database operations. Client applications can be very diverse in nature: a client could be a text-oriented tool, a graphical application, a web server that accesses the database to display web pages, or a specialized database maintenance tool.
Some client applications are supplied with the PostgreSQL distribution; most are developed by users.