2. Causes of the Reformation
Social
Renaissance values cause people to question the Church
Printing press helped to spread other ideas
Political
Monarchs no longer to be less powerful than the Church
Popes began to supersede their authority
Economic
People resented having to pay taxes to the Church
Monarchs were jealous of the Church’s wealth
Religious
Some leaders were wildly corrupt
Many opposed the selling of indulgences

3. Martin Luther
95 Theses- list of formal arguments against the Church’s selling of indulgences
Indulgence- supposed pardon from God for committing sins
Considered the start of the Reformation
Major beliefs
Salvation through faith and good works
Final authority is the Bible and not Pope or Church
All people of faith are equal
Church viewed him as a heretic and excommunicated him
People that followed him became known as Lutherans
Inspired other sects such as Anglicanism and Calvinism

4. Protestant Movement Response to Luther’s teachings throughout Europe
Both peasants and nobles bought into Luther’s ideas
Initially it was vague in beliefs
Mostly made up of those that were fed up with the Church
Eventually organized itself into further denominations
These various denominations resulted in the Peasants’ Revolt
Some peasants agreed with Luther and thought it was their duty to take back certain religion institutions and lands
Because Luther condemned the violence many turned their back on his teachings
Peace of Augsburg
Agreement amongst warring regions of the Holy Roman Empire that the noble determines the religion of their territory

5. English Reformation
Henry VIII wanted to produce a male heir to succeed him on the throne of England
Attempted to divorce wife, Katharine of Aragon, but the Church does not allow divorce
Tried to get the Pope to annul the marriage but was refused
Parliament approved his divorce and he marries Anne Boleyn
Act of Supremacy- Henry VIII name himself head of the Church of England
Next two Monarchs- Edward VI and Mary I
Problems of age, health, and religion
Last a combined total of 11 years
Elizabeth I
Creates peace between Protestants and the Catholic Church
Reconfigures the Church of England to mix the two religions

6. Other Religions John Calvin
Believes in idea of predestination- select few that God has chosen to save
Founder of Calvinism, denomination of Protestantism
Also known as Presbyterianism in Scotland
Anabaptists
Believed baptisms should only happen when one was old enough
Believed in the separation of Church and State
Refused to fight in wars
Their followers would becomes the first Amish people

7. The Counter Reformation
The attempt of the Church and its followers to reform itself
The Jesuits (aka the Society of Jesus)
Founded by St. Ignatius of Loyola
Focus heavily on education and mission work throughout Europe
Council of Trent
Faith and good works will bring about salvation
Indulgences were banned
Church’s interpretation of the Bible was final
Index of Forbidden Books- works considered dangerousto the Catholic faith and ordered to be burned
Legacy
Founding of more schools in local communities and universities
Moral and political authority of the Church declined