1. Tell me about the Spanish-American War….

2. Awake United States!
Eagle soar on high, and sound the battle cry! How proudly sailed the warship Maine, a Nation’s pride, without a stain! A wreck she lies, her sailors slain. By two-faced butchers, paid by Spain! Eagle soar on high, And sound the battle cry Wave the starry flag! In mud it shall not drag!

3. Background on Cuba Cuba was colonized by Spain - think 1492
By 19th century, only Cuba and PR still Spanish colonies
Cuban insurrection – Cuban rebels fight for independence
February 24, 1895 another insurrection led by Jose Marti
1896 – General Weyler (Spanish) Reconcentration & military rule
By nineteenth only parts left Cuba and PR – Latin Americans countries received their independence – Cuba
Cuban rebels had been fighting for independence. – cuban revolutionary party
– Marti killed I n1895 – same stuff going on in the Philippines
American sugar interests bought up large tracts of land in Cuba. Alterations in the U.S. sugar tariff favoring home-grown beet sugar helped foment the rekindling of revolutionary fervor in By that time the U.S. had more than $50 million invested in Cuba and annual trade, mostly in sugar
General Valeriano Weyler began implementing a policy of Reconcentration that moved the population into central locations guarded by Spanish troops and placed the entire country under martial law in February 1896.
To protect American interests? To protect the Cubans? To start a war? To intimidate Spain? To
1896 US (Cleveland) tries to get Spain to give Cuba home rule – stays neutral
Wilson-Gorman Tariff 1894 – sugar no longer free trade
$50 million increase in sugar and mining more than Spain!
Public feeling in the U.S. lay with the rebels, and many Americans extended help to the Cuban revolutionary party that organized the revolt from its headquarters in New York.
The insurrectionists' strategy was to wage guerrilla warfare and to damage the island's economic life, which in turn would provoke the concern of American investors. The strategy employed hit-and-run attacks on trains, railways, and plantations. Ordinary Americans were more than ready to look upon the insurrection in the light of their own War of Independence.
Both William Randolph Hearst's New York Journal and Joseph Pulitzer's New York World, through its sensational reporting on the Cuban Insurrection, helped strengthen anti-Spanish sentiment in the United States

4. What does the USA have to do with this?
U.S. had business interests in Cuba-$50 million
mining & sugar
to “protect” American business interests & Cuban property
Hit and run guerilla attacks on state property during fighting (hurt economy)
US sympathetic with rebels
Rebels placed in jail, some Americans
News papers run stories about rebels (NYJ) - "Death of Rodríguez“ – firing squad
Remember the penny press???
Yellow Journalism - Sensationalist news… (more on that later)

5. Here Comes President McKinley
McKinley takes office 1897:
“independent Cuba, annex Hawaii, Panama Canal”
What does this tell us??
Jan 25, 1898 USS Maine goes to Havana
So, why did we send an American battle ship to Cuba????
Jingoist - extreme patriotism, especially in the form of aggressive or warlike foreign policy.
synonyms:extreme patriotism
Chauvinist patriot – bellicose nationalist & foreign policy

6. "Worst Insult to the United States in its History."
De Lome letter (published Feb 9, 1898)
Written by DeLome, Spanish Ambassador to the US (sent to Foreign Minister of Spain
Intercepted by rebels and published by Hearst Press, NY Journal
"weak and catering to the rabble and, besides, a low politician who desires to leave a door open to himself and to stand well with the jingos of his party."

7. And then…. Feb 15, 1898 Maine explodes lose 260 men
Show slide of Maine exploding and explain the following:
• Cuba was colonized by Spain.
• Cuban rebels had been fighting for independence.
• Spain was thought to be brutal in repressing the rebellion.
• U.S. had business interests in Cuba.
• President McKinley had sent the Maine to Cuba (Why? To protect
American interests? To prepare for war? To intimidate Spain? This
is debated by historians. . .).
• Maine explodes on Feb 15, 1898.

8. What happened???
What will happen next???

9. New York Journal
DESTRUCTION OF THE WAR SHIP MAINE WAS THE WORK OF AN ENEMY
Assistant Secretary Roosevelt Convinced the Explosion of the War Ship Was Not an Accident.
The Journal Offers $50,000 Reward for the Conviction of the Criminals Who Sent 258 American Sailors to Their Death. Naval Officers Unanimous That the Ship Was Destroyed on Purpose.

10. New York Times MAINE’S HULL WILL DECIDE
Divers to Find Whether the Force of the Explosion Was from the Exterior or Interior.
SHE WAS AFLOAT FOR AN HOUR
Spontaneous Combustion in Coal Bunkers a Frequent Peril to the Magazines of Warships – Hard to Blow Up the Magazine.
NAVAL OFFICERS THINK THE MAINE WAS DESTROYED BY A SPANISH MINE.

11. Making Sense of the Maine
Do you know what happened to the Maine?
What evidence do you have for your answer? Give an example where the reporter uses solid evidence to support a claim made in the article.
What effect might the Journal article have had on its readers?
What effect might the Times article have had on its readers?
Which article would people be more likely to remember and believe?
How significant do you think the Maine explosion was to the American people at this time? Why?

12. Awake United States! Eagle soar on high, and sound the battle cry!
This song was rushed into print between the sinking of the Maine (an American ship) on February 16, 1898 and the declaration of war on April 25, 1898.
Eagle soar on high, and sound the battle cry!
How proudly sailed the warship Maine,
a Nation’s pride, without a stain!
A wreck she lies, her sailors slain.
By two-faced butchers, paid by Spain!
Eagle soar on high,
And sound the battle cry
Wave the starry flag!
In mud it shall not drag!
Who sunk the Maine? What does this song reveal about American attitudes?

13. The first “media” war Yellow journalism
Sensationalized, exaggerated and sometimes even manufactured (made up) stories
New York Journal & New York World
Maybe did not start the war, but definitely fueled the fire with the public
19 March The battleship U.S.S. Oregon left the port of San Francisco, California on its famous voyage to the Caribbean Sea and Cuban waters.
March 3 Commodore George Dewey moved to the Philippines
April 4 – NYJ calls for immediate entry into the war!

14. Why do these articles matter?

15. A month after the Maine Explosion, McKinley declares:
Cuba independent & demands a complete withdraw of Spanish troops (Teller Amendment)
Called for unconditional compliance from Spain by April 23
Denies any desire by USA to keep Cuba
April 22nd McKinley blockades Cuba’s coastline
If you were Spain what would you do?

16. Spain Declares War on April 25, 1898
Would you have declared war on the USA too?

17. The Spanish-American War Begins…. Any predictions?

19. USA Not Prepared for War
Decreased army after Civil War - 26,000 regulars
Mobilization Act
US afraid attack on Florida & West Coast
However, the U.S. Army was not prepared for war. Following the Civil War, the nation had drastically reduced the size of its army. Most army units were scattered throughout the West, where they had fought and subdued Native Americans. Volunteer and National Guard units quickly assembled in Tennessee. Regular army divisions, filled with new recruits, rushed to Florida in anticipation of the invasion of Cuba. –
Mobilization Act of April 22 that allowed for an army of at first 125,000 volunteers (later increased to 200,000) and a regular army of 65,000.

20. The War Begins, but not in Cuba!
May 1 - take Philippines within 6 hours
Commodore Dewey takes Manila Bay (water) without losing a man!
Emilio Aguinaldo returns and leads land victory
Filipino freedom fighter
Declares independent Philippines on June 12
August American army captures Manila
(Upset Filipinos and later leads to war with the Philippines)
Commodore Dewey captures Manila Bay without losing a man
Commodore George Dewey won without losing a man (May 1) spanish lost 381 (we had 8-9 injuries) – not to mention no base for ammunitions - Following Dewey's victory, Manila Bay was filled with the warships of Britain, Germany, France and Japan – called Germany’s bluf - then land attack led by Emilio Eguinaldo (was in exile in Hong Kong part of Filipino revolutionary movement) – we bring him back - By June, U.S. and Filipino forces had taken control of most of the islands, except for the walled city of Intramuros. On June 12, Aguinaldo proclaimed the independence of the Philippines - On August 13, with American commanders unaware that a cease-fire had been signed between Spain and the U.S. on the previous day, American forces captured the city of Manila from the Spanish.This battle marked the end of Filipino-American collaboration, as the American action of preventing Filipino forces from entering the captured city of Manila was deeply resented by the Filipinos. This later led to the Philippine–American War
Aguinaldo was exiled but invited to return when America captured – ended up creating a dictatorship bc so much chaos

21. The Pacific War Continues…
Early June take Guam & the Spanish do not realize!
Captain Henry Glass on his way to Manila stops in Guam
June 20 – handed over by Spanish Governor
Captain Henry Glass, commander of the cruiser USS Charleston, was on the way to Manila when he received orders instructing him to proceed to the island of Guam and wrest it from Spain – June 20th shot at fortifications in San Juan – Spanish ship goes by and stops and asks for ammunitions from Americans – Spanish office even boards the ship (not realizing war) – when find out too late for defense – Gov Marina hands over the island!

22. Moving to the Caribbean
Fighting begins in Cuba June 20, 1898
17,000 American troops to Santiago
July ,000 storm - Kettle Hill then San Juan Hill – Santiago falls
Rough Riders, led by Teddy
Cowboys, Indians, Wild West types, Ivy League athletes and sportsmen
Buffalo Soldiers (9th/10th cavalries)
Buffalo
army could muster only an ill-assorted force of 28,000 regulars and about 100,000 militiamen. Altogether during the war about 200,000 more militiamen were recruited, mostly as state volunteers
On April 29, Spanish admiral Pascual Cervera left the Cape Verde Islands with four cruisers and three destroyers, turning up in Santiago de Cuba where the U.S. Navy put the Spanish fleet under a blockade.
The casualties were as one-sided as at Manila: 474 Spaniards were killed and wounded and 1,750 were taken prisoner, while only one American was killed and one wounded. Santiago surrendered with a garrison of 24,000 on July 17.
July 25 a force under General Nelson A. Miles and his convoy of 3,300 soldiers and nine transports (escorted by the USS Massachusetts) moved into Puerto Rico against minor resistance — easily taking the island.
Secretary of Navy TR – wanted war = quit to fight
Other guys San Jual Hill: Brigadier General Jacob Ford Kent, General Samuel S. Sumner, John Coulter Bates, and General Henry W. Lawton were also important leaders in the battles around San Juan.
-black buffalo soldiers – staunchly loyal – helped save – Teddy centrics try to say he did everything
-formed on September 21, 1866 at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. This nickname was given to the "Negro Cavalry" by the Native American tribes they fought
33 African-American seamen had died in the Maine explosion. The most influential Black leader, Booker T. Washington, argued that his race was ready to fight. War offered them a chance "to render service to our country that no other race can," because, unlike Whites, they were "accustomed" to the "peculiar and dangerous climate" of Cuba. One of the Black units that served in the war was the 9th Cavalry Regiment. In March 1898, Washington promised the Secretary of the Navy that war would be answered by "at least ten thousand loyal, brave, strong Black men in the south who crave an opportunity to show their loyalty to our land, and would gladly take this method of showing their gratitude for the lives laid down, and the sacrifices made, that Blacks might have their freedom and rights."[
the "Buffalo Soldiers" were established by Congress as the first peacetime all-black regiments in the regular U.S. Army
Finally integrated in 1951 (Korea)
Name buffalo –
-all four of the African-American army units were called eastward to fight in the Caribbean. When the Rough Riders made their famous charge up Kettle and San Juan Hills in Cuba, they were assisted by elements of the 9th and 10th Cavalry, whose contributions to the success of the charge
-There is no American citizen upon this continent who possesses any more patriotism than what we do. But if we had the power we would not permit one Negro battalion or company or regiment to assist in helping to fight against Spain unless they are officered from top to bottom by members of our own race.
-- Salt Lake City Broad Ax, July 2, 1898 The Army did not want Black officers during the war, creating a major contention with the African American community
were acknowledged by Theodore Roosevelt after the battle. Five Medals of Honor were awarded
saw a similarity between the hair of the black soldiers and that of the buffalo. Since the buffalo was an important and revered animal to Native Americans, the term was thought to express the respect they held for the soldiers -
-There were after all 8,000 men in the operation at San Juan Hill , a total of thirteen Regular Army regiments and two regiments of volunteers, including TR�s Rough Riders. The force included about 1,250 black troopers of the 9th and 10th Cavalry in Sumne
-The First United States Volunteer Cavalry Regiment was organized by Theodore Roosevelt and Leonard Wood, M.D.
TR, who was Assistant Secretary of the Navy in the McKinley administration, and a leading advocate of the liberation of Cuba, the Spanish colony then fighting for its independence, asked the Department of War permission to raise a regiment after Spain declared war on the United States on April 24, Wood, an army doctor who had won the Medal of Honor fighting the Apaches in the 1880s, was President William McKinley's physician, and a close friend of Theodore Roosevelt.
Because he lacked military experience, Roosevelt suggested that Leonard Wood be given command of the volunteer cavalry regiment; and accordingly Wood became colonel, and TR was made lieutenant colonel
consisting of over 1,250 men, from all over the United States was mainly composed of cowboys, Indians, and other Wild West types, and Ivy League athletes and aristocratic sportsmen from the East. What did these two very different groups have in common ?
They could ride and shoot and were in shape, and thus could be ready for war with little training. The regiment was assembled at San Antonio, Texas in May, and shipped out to Cuba from Tampa, Florida-minus the horses-on June 14, 1898.
On July 1, 1898 TR on horseback led the Rough Riders and elements of the Ninth and Tenth Regiments of regulars, African-American "buffalo soldiers," and other units up Kettle Hill. After that hill was captured, TR, now on foot, led a second charge up the San Juan Heights.This was what TR called his "crowded hour," his great moment.
After the capture of San Juan heights, overlooking Santiago, the city surrendered, and the war was virtually over. The toll from tropical diseases soon became worse than the losses in battle, and Roosevelt and other officers called for the American troops to be brought home quickly in order to save lives. The Rough Riders were shipped to Montauk, at the end of Long Island, and there the much-publicized and celebrated regiment was mustered out on September 16, 1898, after 137 days of service in the Army.

24. Lt. Colonel Theodore Roosevelt
"We disembarked with our rifles, our ammunition belts, and not much else," he remembered. "I carried some food in my pocket, and a light coat which was my sole camp equipment for the next three days.“

25. It is just about over… July 3 - Destroy Spanish Fleet – Santiago Bay
Spanish flee Cuba
July 25 , Gen’l Nelson Miles to Puerto Rico
3,300 soldiers
On July 25, General Nelson A. Miles, with 3,300 soldiers, landed at Guánica, beginning the Puerto Rican Campaign. The troops faced resistance early in the invasion

26. The “Splendid Little War” Comes to An End
Aug 12, 1898 cease fire
A four month war!
274,000 served – under 2,456 died
385 killed in action, rest died of disease & food poisoning!
The total wounded numbered 1,704.

27. How would you describe the Spanish-American war?
Why did Spain fall so easily??

28. “War should never be entered upon until every agency of peace has failed”
Guess who said this?
Do you agree?
Did we wait until “every agency” was exhausted before entering into the Spanish-American War?
William mckinley

29. Treaty of Paris Independence to Cuba – Teller Amendment Puerto Rico
Guam
Philippines purchased for $20 million
By 1903 Teller revised - Platt Amendment: naval bases, intervene, limit foreign interaction
Approved on May 22, 1903, the Platt Amendment was a treaty between the U.S. and Cuba that attempted to protect Cuba's independence from foreign intervention. It permitted extensive U.S. involvement in Cuban
Build naval bases
Intervene if necessary
Limit’s Cuba’s foreign interaction - barred Cuba from making a treaty that gave another nation power over its affairs, going into debt, or stopping the United States from imposing a sanitation program on the island.

30. "Our Terms," Judge, 1898, by Eugene Zimmerman
Explain the title
What is the author’s message? Give 3 specific citations from the text and images

31. Anti-Imperialists Emerge
June 15, 1898: Anti-Imperialist League
Specific focus annexation Philippines
Why?
Economic, racial, moral to legal reasons
Notable members:
Andrew Carnegie
Mark Twain
Samuel Gompers
McKinnnely