1. Aim: How should the medieval Church be remembered?
325 CE Roman Emperor Constantine called the Council of Nicaea. It decided “official” Church doctrine including the Holy Trinity and the date of Easter.

2. Clergy include any church official.
Laymen are not officials of the church.

3. Who is the Pope?
The Pope is the leader of the Catholic Church. Today, Pope Francis I (Jorge Mario Bergoglio from Argentina), is the 266th Pope. He was elected by the Cardinals, who let the world know by releasing white smoke from the Vatican. The new Pope chose his name because St. Francis of Assissi devoted his life to helping the poor.

4. The Role of the Medieval Church
A) The medieval Church controlled the most land in Western Europe. B) Everyone was forced to pay a tithe to the Church; 10% of their income. C) The Church guided your life from birth to death. D) The Church fought for power with feudal Kings and the Holy Roman Emperor (secular vs. ecclesiastical power).
Until 1123, some priests were allowed to be married and have children. After 1123, all priests and members of the clergy had to take a vow of celibacy.
*Recall that Eastern Orthodox clergy are allowed to marry.

5. Medieval Christian Philosophers
St. Augustine (354 – 430)
Wrote the City of God. Influenced by Plato. Argued that time is an illusion; God exists outside of time. Used the allegory of 2 cities (earthly vs. city of God) to differentiate those with original sin and who refuse God’s love, and those who have faith and who seek God’s love.
“Since love grows within you, so beauty grows. For love is the beauty of the soul.”
– St. Augustine
Thomas Aquinas (1225 – 1274)
Aquinas argued Aristotle’s "unmoved mover," a supreme being whose existence at the beginning of time set the universe in motion, was the same as the Christians’ God, who created all things.
“To one who has faith, no explanation is necessary. To one without faith, no explanation is possible.” –Thomas Aquinas

6. Medieval Christian Philosophers Continued…
Peter Abelard (1079 – 1142)
Influenced by Aristotle. The Church accepted his theory of limbo; instead of going to hell, unbaptised babies will go to an intermediary place between hell and heaven.
“The key to wisdom is this - constant and frequent questioning, for by doubting we are led to question and by questioning we arrive at the truth.” – Peter Abelard
Abelard was the man who fell in love with Heloise!

7. IV Christian Monasticism
A) Monks and nuns lived in monasteries (isolated communities). B) St. Benedict (480 – 547 CE) created the first monastic rule; it was a guideline for how monks and nuns should live their monastic life.
“…a monk… consider himself… as a poor and unworthy workman… He should have absolutely not anything: neither a book, nor tablets, nor a pen-nothing at all…” St. Benedict 530 CE
Left: Eastern Orthodox monks. Right: Franciscan nun.

8. Medieval Monastery, Armenia

9. The Inquisition
The Inquisition was an official Church investigation to root out heretics (those who act against the Church) and blasphemers (those who speak against the Church). It began in 1230 CE.
The accused had to testify without legal counsel. If they did not confess, torture could then be used.
The Spanish Inquisition began in 1492 under Queen Isabella. Auto de Fay: a public ceremony during which the sentences upon those brought before the Spanish Inquisition were read and after which the sentences were executed by the secular authorities (non-clergy). The last official execution under the Spanish Inquisition was in 1826!
The Catholic Church officially abolished the use of torture in 1917.

10. The Inquisition Continued…

11. Classical Greek sculpture Unknown Artist, Florence, 1200
Medieval Church Art
A) Most Medieval art was religious B) Unlike Classical art of Greece and Rome that was realistic, Medieval art was 2-D and abstract. This was due to the belief that our focus should be on god, not on the body.
Classical Greek sculpture
5th Century BCE
Unknown Artist, Florence, 1200

12. Church of Santa Maria Maggiore, Spain
Medieval Churches
A) Early Medieval Churches in the Romanesque style, featuring Roman style arches. B) Later churches were built in the Gothic style. They were taller, lighter, had stained glass windows and flying buttresses (formed an arch with the wall it supports).
Church of Santa Maria Maggiore, Spain

13. Notre Dame, a Gothic Church, Paris

14. Notre Dame Interior

15. Notre Dame Exterior

16. Notre Dame Stained Glass Window

17. Illuminated Manuscripts
Medieval monks had to handwrite and illustrate (illuminate) books including the Bible. By the high Middle Ages, the making of a manuscript was often divided among four distinct craftsman: the parchment maker, the scribe, the illuminator, and the bookbinder.

18. Conflict between the Church & the Holy Roman Empire
962 CE the Pope crowned Otto I Holy Roman Emperor, reviving the Holy Roman Empire CE Gregory VII became the new Pope. Part of his Church reforms included the ban of lay investiture. The Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV did not approve, and led to Pope Gregory VII excommunicating him. Faced with revolts by his princes, Henry IV was forced to make peace. Winter 1077 he begged for forgiveness. As a Pope, Gregory had to give it. Henry IV then subdued his princes, led his army to Rome and forced Gregory VII into exile both sides accepted the Concordat of Worms: the Church now had sole power to elect and invest bishops with the symbols of spiritual authority, but the Emperor could invest bishops with symbols of lay authority.
Excommunication: The Church cuts off your communication from God by banning you from the Church and the sacraments

19. Conflict between the Church & the H.R.E. Continued…
Lay Investiture is when an Emperor (a layman; not a member of the clergy) invested (presented) new bishops with the ring and staff (symbols of spiritual power).
“Wretchedly with bare feet… [Henry] continued for three days to stand before the gate of the castle. Nor did he desist from imploring with many tears… until he had moved all… present… to such pity and depth of compassion… Finally, won by the persistence of his suit… we… received him into… the Holy Mother Church.”

20. The Great Schism
1309 Pope Clement V moved Papal Palace to Avignon, France.  conflict 1377 Pope Gregory XI returned Papal Palace to Rome. HOWEVER, the Cardinals elected a different Pope and placed him at Avignon – 1417 the Church had 2 or 3 Popes at the same time! 1414 Council of Constance  permanent return of Papal Palace to Rome.
Papal Palace Avignon

21. Israel Today

22. Ethiopian Christians in Jerusalem
The Jewish Quarter
The Arab Quarter
The Armenian Quarter
Ethiopian Christians in Jerusalem

23. The Crusades
The Crusades were a series of wars fought over control of the Holy Land (Jerusalem) in the Middle Ages ( ) between Christian knights and the Saracens (Muslim Turks). In 1070 the Seljuk Turks (also Muslim) conquered Jerusalem from the Umayyads and threatened the Byzantine Empire. Unlike the Umayyads, the Seljuk Turks did not allow non-Muslims to visit their holy sites. In 1095 the Byzantine Emperor asked Pope Urban II to help him fight the Seljuk Turks in Jerusalem promising forgiveness of sins, salvation in heaven, and wealth.
"Christians, hasten to help your brothers in the East, for they are being attacked. Arm for the rescue of Jerusalem under your captain Christ. Wear his cross as your badge. If you are killed your sins will be pardoned.“ – Pope Urban II, 1095

25. Crusades Continued…
What was at stake for Christians? 1. Church of the Holy Sepulcher: Christians believe the church was built over the site where Jesus was crucified.

26. Crusades Continued…
B) Bethlehem’s Church of the Nativity: Where Jesus is believed to have been born.

27. The First Crusade (1095 – 1099)
A) 30,000+ Christian knights went. On the way to Jerusalem, the crusaders massacred and looted Jewish communities (due to anti-Semitism and mob mentality).
B) Godfrey of Bouillon conquered Jerusalem and began the Christian Kingdom of Jerusalem.
The French word for cross is “croix”, which led to the word “crusades”. All crusading knights sewed crosses on their tunics.

28. A Christian Depiction of the Crusades
Can you see bias in this painting?

29. Primary Source Unknown Christian Knight, 1099
"Exulting with joy we reached the city of Jerusalem… we besieged it in a wonderful manner… the defenders of the city quickly fled… Our men followed and pursued them, killing and hacking, as far as the Temple of Solomon [the Wailing Wall], and there was such a slaughter that our men were up to their ankles in the enemy's blood Entering the city, our pilgrims pursued and killed the Saracens [Muslims]… the whole temple flowed with their blood… Then the crusaders scattered throughout the city, seizing gold and silver... Afterwards our men went rejoicing and weeping for joy to adore the Holy Sepulcher of our Savior Jesus. . . On the eighth day after the capture of the city they elected Duke Godfrey prince of the city…The city was captured by the Christians on Friday, July 15."

30. Later Crusades
By 1144 CE the Saracens had recaptured a lot of the Holy Land  2nd Crusade. The crusading army was led by the Kings of France and Germany… who were defeated before they ever got to Jerusalem!
1174 Saladin became the leader of the Saracens. He conquered Jerusalem in 1187  3rd Crusade. King Richard I (the Lionhearted) of England, King Philip of France, and the Holy Roman Emperor Barbarossa led the Christian army. Barbarossa drowned while bathing. King Philip went home. In 1192, Richard agreed to peace with Saladin; Christians could visit their holy sites as long as they did not make further attacks.
The 3rd crusade inspired the story of Robin Hood! While Richard I was away fighting, his brother John became king  Robin robbing the rich to help the poor.

31. Eleanor of Aquitaine
At 15 years old Eleanor was married to Louis VII, the King of France. In 1147 she joined her husband on the 2nd Crusade. She traveled with 300 other ladies, all dressed in armor and carrying lances. They never fought, but they helped the wounded. After returning to France following their defeat, Eleanor successfully divorced her husband… though it may have had more to do with the fact that she bore him no sons.

32. Later Crusades Continued…
Saladin died in Some Christians saw this as an opportunity  4th Crusade. On the way to the Holy Land, the knights attacked a Christian city in exchange for ships from Venice. They then attacked Constantinople (also a Christian city!) when the Byzantine Emperor failed to give them money. *Constantinople never fully recovered, and eventually fell to the Turks in 1453.
1212 CE 30,000 children (mostly from France and Germany) joined the Children’s Crusade. Most were never heard from again. Many were sold into slavery. *This crusade was never officially blessed by the Pope.

33. Primary Source: Saladin 1187 CE
"If God blesses us by enabling us to drive His enemies out of Jerusalem, how fortunate and happy we would be! For Jerusalem has been controlled by the enemy [Christian Knights] for 91 years, during which time God has received nothing from us here in the way of adoration. At the same time, the zeal of the Muslim rulers to deliver it languished. Time passed, and so did many [in different] generations, while the Franks succeeded in rooting themselves strongly there. Now God has reserved the merit of its recovery for one house, the house of the sons of Ayyub [Saladin's family], in order to unite all hearts in appreciation of its members."

34. The Sack of Constantinople, 1204 CE
Nicetas Choniates: How shall I begin to tell of the deeds wrought by these nefarious men! Alas, the images, which ought to have been adored, were trodden under foot! Alas, the relics of the holy martyrs were thrown into unclean places!.... Nor can the violation of the Great Church [Hagia Sophia] be listened to with equanimity. For the sacred altar… was broken into bits and distributed among the soldiers... No one was without a share in the grief. In the alleys, in the streets… weeping, lamentations, grief, the groaning of men, the shrieks of women, wounds, rape...

35. Acre, A Crusader Castle, Near Haifa, Israel

36. The Crusaders in Mainz 1096, May 27
In the year 1096, bands of zealous crusaders set out for the Holy Land. As they passed through Germany on their way to Jerusalem they killed thousands of "infidel" Jews in the cities of Speyer, Worms, Mainz and Cologne. It was .... at noon [Tuesday, May of 1096], that Emico the wicked… led a band of plundering German and French crusaders. Then the enemies of the Lord said to each other: “look! They have opened up the gate for us. Now let us avenge the blood of 'the hanged one' [Jesus].”… Then young and old donned their armor and girded on their weapons... The bishop's men, who had promised to help them [the Jews], were the very first to flee… even the bishop himself fled from his church for it was thought to kill him also because he had spoken good things of the Jews.... [Archbishop Ruthard had been paid to remain and defend the Jews. He was later accused of having received some of the plunder taken from them.] - Solomon Bar Samson

37. Consequences of the Crusades
Short Term Consequences
Long Term Consequences
By 1302 the Crusades were officially over. There had been 9 official (Pope approved) crusades, and many more minor ones.
Many nobles who joined the Crusades never returned. This allowed kings to increase their power, breaking down the feudal system.
The Holy Land remained in the hands of the Saracens (Muslim Turks).
Europeans were exposed to Muslim technology, education, and luxury goods. This led to a revival of trade.
1-5 million people died.
The Holy Land was controlled by the Muslim Turks until the end of WWI in 1922!

38. Fill in your Period 3 chart for medieval western Europe.
HW Questions
Fill in your Period 3 chart for medieval western Europe.
What was the reason for the inquisition? Was it justifiable?
How did the Church compete for power with Kings and Emperors? Who do you think had the upper hand and why?
Do you think that the Church had too much power? Why or why not?
What were the causes of the Crusades?
Why do you think anti-Semitism increased during the Crusades? (Use evidence from “The Crusaders in Mainz”)
What were the causes and consequences of the sack of Constantinople during the Fourth Crusade? Did it make any sense?
Were the Crusades a success or failure? Explain.
Do you think the Christian source depicting the First Crusade, or the source from Saladin is more historically accurate? Why?
Which side would you have fought for and why?

39. Key Vocabulary Council of Nicaea King Henry IV Dominicans
Lay Investiture
Heretics
Concordat of Worms
Hierarchy
Inquisition
Pope
Auto de Fe
Cardinal
Children’s Crusade
Archbishop
Church of the Holy Sepulcher
Bishop
Crusades
Priest
Eleanor of Aquitaine
Monk
First Crusade
Nun
Fourth Crusade
Monastery
Godfrey
Rule of St. Benedict
King Richard I
Romanesque Church
Kingdom of Jerusalem
Gothic Church
Pope Urban II
Illuminated Text
Saladin
Peter Abelard
Saracens
Thomas Aquinas
St. Augustine
Pope Gregory VII