1. The Nature of Drama
Chapter 1

2. What is Drama
Definition: a story that is enacted in real space and time by live actors for a live audience.
Based on Greek word dran, meaning “to do”
Earliest copies from 5th century in ancient Greece
For festivals for Dionysus (God of wine and fertility)
Competition each year to see who would win with best play
Most Greek conventions within theater are still followed today
Despite the genre, all plays originally emulated plots similar within literature we see today
So what makes it so different?

3. What Separates Drama from other Literature?
It is written to be performed, not read. It has a tremendous source of power if done correctly. It normally presents actions:
1. Conveyed through actors
Costumes
Impact is direct, immediate, and heightened by actor’s skills
Limitations of thought process were seen until conventions of:
Dialogue- conversations between characters on stage
Monologues- Long speeches by individual characters
Soliloquy- characters are presented as speaking to themselves
Aside- characters turn from the persons with whom they are conversing to speak directly to the audience or to one character.

4. What Separates Drama from other Literature?
2. Performed On stage (thrust, in the round, proscenium arch)
Forcefully commands spectators attention
(controlled lighting, sounds, seating, distractions, speed)
Not only dependent on power of words
Scene Design
Lighting
Props
Stage directions

5. What Separates Drama from other Literature?
3. Performed before an audience
spectator = “to view” and audience “to hear” 
Actors and playwrights can feed off of audience response
The experience created is communal and its impact is intensified.
Spectator’s responses are influenced by other spectators many times
“One of the special qualities of theater is that when we respond, we respond as a group.” – Robert Anderson
Do you agree? Does an audience affect one’s performance?

6. Tragedy
Always includes tragic hero who is a man of noble and moral stature
Greatness about him, not ordinary but one of outstanding quality.
He is good though not perfect and his fall results from “an act of injustice”
The hero always has a downfall which is a result of result of his/her own free choice, not accident. This personal failing is known as the tragic flaw
Greatness + flaw = pity
This misfortune is not usually wholly deserved.
Punishment often exceeds the crime
Hard to say “He got what was coming to him.”
The tragic fall is not pure loss
This is where “discovery” usually takes over
Though solemn emotions are aroused (pity and fear), if done correctly more positive emotions are evoked (compassion and awe)
Should not leave depressed but rather contemplative!

7. Comedy A play that ends happily
Contains own typical conflicts and plot patterns
Boy meets girl, boy loses girl, boy wins girl etc. (visa versa with gender)
Central characters do not have to be noble or righteous
Conflicts usually hinge on a problem of the heart (internal)
Thwarted courtship, romantic misunderstanding.
Although resolved happily, always comical complications
Melodrama: like tragedy attempts to arouse feelings of fear and pity, but it does so ordinarily through cruder means.
Farce: like a comedy it is aimed at rousing explosive laughter, but again by cruder means.
As you like it

8. Tragedy vs. Comedy Pity and fear Human possibility
High plausibility in plot
Emphasize uniqueness
Judge on moral standards
Human greatness (nobility)
Human freedom
External conflicts
Ends contemplative
Pleasure and absurdity
Human ridiculousness
Low plausibility in plot
Emphasize commonness
Judge of social standards
Human weakness (anybody)
Human limitations
Internal conflicts
Ends happy
Both focus on personal issues
Emphasis on psychological development of characters
Modern theater has tried to change these standards for both genres as times

9. William Shakespeare
We know very little about Shakespeare compared to other authors
However, there is more material on Shakespeare than any other author
Baptized on April 1564 (Public Records) therefore born most likely a couple days before
Birthday is celebrated on April 23rd but only because he also died on this date in 1616
Father was merchant (John) and a man of some importance in the town
Serving as alderman and high bailiff (aka mayor)
Attended Stratford Grammar school where he was schooled in Latin and Greek/Roman myths
Married in 1582 to Anne Hathaway (8 years older)
1583 had their first child (Sussanna)
1585 twins (Hamnet and Judith)
1592 he falls of the face of the world (most likely went to London to seek his fortune)
Rival was Robert Green who warned other playwrights from doing what Shakespeare did (acting  writing plays)
Actors were looked down upon and lumped together with “vagabonds” and “rogues”
Julius Caesar was most likely written in 1599 after a Swiss traveler commended the Globe
Died at 52 and buried in Holy Trinity Church