1. The Cardiovascular System

2. Blood The only fluid Tissue Has both living and non-living components
Living blood cells
Elements
Non living blood plasma

3. The Composition of Blood
White blood cells 1%
Immunity
Red blood cells 44%
Lack a nucleus
Few organelles
Basically sacs of Hemoglobin (an iron containing protein that transports oxygen that is carried in RBCs.)
Plasma 55%
Water
Protein: ph buffers, clotting factors, fat transport
Substances transported by blood
electrolytes (sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium)

4. Formed Elements Table pg. 299
Red blood cells – transport oxygen
Leukocytes (WBC) – immunity
Neutrophil: Phagocytes
Monocyte: Phagocytes that are long term
Lymphocyte: Produce antibodies
Platelets – blood clotting

5. Anemia A decrease in oxygen-carrying ability of blood
Abnormally low RBC count
Hemoglobin deficiency (iron carrying molecule in blood)
EX. Sickle-Cell Anemia: abnormal hemoglobin formed becomes spiky and sharp when the RBC’s unload the oxygen.

7. Polycythemia An excessive increase in the number of RBCs
Some types of bone marrow cancer
Living at high altitudes with less oxygen
Q: why would this be a bad thing?
So really the portion of the blood that is red blood cells increases for whatever reason
Over transfusion
Twin to twin
Bone marrow cancer or disease
People who live at higher altitudes and need more oxygen (legal blood doping)
Gene mutation that doesn’t allow your cells to properly measure oxygen levels
Treatments
medications that can stop cell growth thus lower RBC numbers
Removal of blood
Why is this bad?
- hypoxia or lack of blood to the body in general or to a specific place in the body
- Blood clotting due to thicker blood
- Slow moving blood because it is thicker
- heart attack stroke -

8. Twin-to-twin transfusion

9. Blood Slides – Microscope Observation
med
high
oil
Sickle cell
Lymph node
Artery/vein
Artery
Blood
Vain

10. Blood Type

11. Blood Type
Antigen – a substance that the body recognizes as foreign; it stimulates the immune system to release antibodies
So we all have antigen proteins on the membranes of all our cells that make us unique (all living things).
We also have antibodies that fight substances that don’t look like our bodies own antigens

12. Blood Type ABO Blood Antigens pg. 306 AB A B O Agglutinins
Agglutinogens:

13. +/- in Blood Type
+ or – indicates the presence of another major membrane protein Rh
If one parent is +, then the offspring will be +

14. Mixing Blood Types
Erythrocyte destruction
Agglutination: Clumping

16. Blood Vs. Plasma
Plasma is a aqueous part of blood (55%) that contains all the clotting factors and dissolved solutes besides RBCs.
People can volunteer or get paid to donate plasma
Sold plasma cannot be put directly into another human. It is used to make other blood products and medications
They separate blood from plasma so that they can use the plasma for blood products other then just transfusion. The RBC’s can still be used for blood transfutions

17. The Cardiovascular System
Basic Overview
The heart anatomy
Flow

18. General Scheme Major Organs Heart Lungs Capillaries all over the body
Arteries
Veins

19. Arteries VS. Veins Veins Arteries
Conduct blood to the heart under lower pressure
Thinner and more stretchy than arteries
Have valves to prevent reverse flow
Arteries
conduct blood away from the heart under high pressure
Thicker and more organized

20. Secondary Organs
Trachea (wind pipe) – Allow air in and out of the lungs
Esophagus – Carry “stuff” from the mouth to the stomach
Lungs – providing oxygen to the blood
Diaphragm – The main muscle used in the process of breathing
Phrenic N. – communicates with the diaphragm and the pericardium
Pericardium – The double membrane around the heart

21. Crash Course

22. Heart Anatomy and Blood flow

23. Heart Anatomy 4 Chambers
2 ventricles
2 Atria
Right side blood travels to the lungs in what is called the Pulmonary System
Left side relates to the rest of the body in what is called the Systemic System

24. The Details
Superior and inferior Vena Cava: Receive oxygen depleted blood from the veins
Aorta: Carries oxygenated blood to the rest of the body

25. The Details
Atrioventricular (AV) Valves: prevent backflow of blood when the ventricles contract
The right side is the Tricuspid because it has 3 flaps
The left side is the Bicuspid because it has 2 flaps

26. The Details
Pulmonary (lungs) and Aortic (rest of body) Semilunar valves: Guard the two large arteries, one in each ventricle.

27. Sheep Heart Dissection - Part 1 - Part 2

29. Heart Physiology – Crash Course
Intrinsic Cardiac Conduction System (ICCS)
Sino-Atrial Node (SA) is made up of Pacemaker Cells. These cells have leaky sodium channels that create a constant action potential that spread throughout the ICCS
Atrial Ventricular Node (AV): once the cells of this node receive the signal, they pause for part of a second to allow the atria to complete their contraction before the ventricle contracts

30. Heart Physiology
The Short Version: Your heart is depolarizing and repolarizing it’s nerve cell (neuron) membranes continuously all the time
There is no stimulus that triggers this. The Na+ channels are just open so the concentration gradient causes diffusion constantly