2. Map projection:
Scientific method of transferring locations on Earth’s surface to a flat map.
Different projections show distortion in:
Shape
Distance
Relative size
Direction

3. Relative size

4. 1. Robinson Projection
Pro: Useful in displaying information across oceans along longitude lines; most common for geographers
Con: Shows a larger proportion of water to land than actuality

5. 2. Mercator Projection Shape is right; size is wrong
Pro: works for navigation around the Equator
Con: area is extremely distorted towards the poles

6. 3. Sinusoidal (Equal Area Projections)
Some shapes are right
Azimuthal and Goode’s Interrupted Homolosine
Pro: Very little distortion to landmasses
Con: Discontinuities in oceanic regions

7. Peters Projection

8. Types of Maps Physical Maps
show natural features: elevation, mountains, rivers, deserts, etc…

9. Types of Maps Political Maps
show countries, cities, capitals, counties, etc.

10. Types of Maps Topographic Maps show the height,
shape, and other features of land in a particular area

11. Types of Maps Thematic Maps
show the distribution, flow, or connection of one or more characteristics

12. Types of Maps Special Purpose Maps
Are designed for a special purpose: highway maps for diving, etc.

13. 1. Choropleth maps
Applies distinctive colors to represent different quantities or densities

14. 2. Dot Distribution (Point Pattern)map
Shows distribution using a concentration of dots

15. 3.Flow Line Map
Show movement by arrows

16. Travel Time from New York
4. Isoline Map
A thematic map with lines that connect points of equal value.
Travel Time from New York

17. 5. Isopleth of Isoline maps
Used to portray quantities that vary smoothly over a given area
Joins locations with the same value
Used for climate variables

18. 6. Proportional symbol map
Portrays numerical quantities
Symbols are drawn proportional to the value at that location

19. 7. Cartogram
Deliberately distort map shapes to achieve special effects

20. Latitude and Longitude

21. Latitude Lines Imaginary lines that run east to west around the globe
Measure degrees north and south of the Equator
The Equator is at 0 degrees

22. Longitude Lines
Imaginary lines that run from the north pole to the south pole
Measure degrees east and west of the Prime Meridian
The Prime Meridian is at 0° Longitude, or at 0° on a Y Axis

23. Calculating Latitude and Longitude
Always calculate Latitude First
North and South of the Equator
Then calculate Longitude
East and West of the Prime Meridian

24. Time Zones 24 stripes, north and south
The starting point is Greenwich Mean Time
Standardizes time
Day jumps at International Date Line (approximately 180 degrees)

25. Time Zones

26. Absolute vs. Relative
Absolute location: showing the exact place on Earth by using a coordinate system.
(ie: Chicago is located 41 degrees, 53 minutes North Latitude, and 87 degrees West Longitude)
Relative location: describes a place in relation to other human and physical features.
(ie: south of Seattle, near the Cascade Mountains to describe Maple Valley) or (TJH is near Four Corners)

27. Changing Attribute of a Place
Built Landscape: an area of land represented by its features and patterns of human occupation and use of natural resources.
Sequent Occupance: The notion that successive societies leave their cultural imprints on a place, each contributing to the cumulative cultural landscape. This is an important concept in geography because it symbolizes how humans interact with their surroundings.