1. Presented by - Aarti Chame DVC Process Technologists, Pune INDIA
Critical Issues In Seed Oils Processing
Presented by -
Aarti Chame
DVC Process Technologists, Pune
INDIA
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2. Crude Oil Specifications
S.No
Specs.
Type of Oil
Soy
Sun.
Rapeseed
Cottonseed
Crude Palm
Palm Kernel
Coconut 1
FFA content %
1.5 2 5
Phospholipids %
1.5-3
2-2.5
0.8- 1 3
IV, unit
50-60
16-19
6-10 4
Gossypol. NA
YES
Sulphur comp. 6
Trace Metals
(Iron), ppm
Upto 4
Upto 5
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3. Critical Points In Processing
Seed oils IV is higher.
‘P’ content is higher and so higher levels of NHP
Seed oil needs more attention to address the removal of phosphatides while processing.
Residual ‘P’ content in oil after processing is responsible for auto oxidation that results in reversion of colour and bad odour to refined oil.
Higher IV oils are prone to isomerisation from CIS to TRANS during deodorization at high temperature (>240 deg.C).
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4. CRUDE OIL REFINING REFINING OF SEED OILS
REFINING OF NUTS & KERNEL OILS
REFINING OF FRUIT OILS
PHYSICAL
REFINING 1
PRETREATMENT & BLEACHING
PRETREATMENT
& BLEACHING
CHEMICAL
REFINING 1
DE-ACIDIFICATION & DEODORIZATION
DE-ACIDIFICATION & DEODORIZATION
CHEMICAL REFINING 2

5. Physical Refining (Crude Soya, Corn, Sunflower, Canola Oils)
Water Degumming
Gum Drying (Lecithin)
Pretreatment/Gums Conditioning
30 – 40 mins retention
Cool oil below 40 ͦC
Caustic lye addition
Enzymes addition (option)
Enzymatic Degumming
3 – 4 hrs retention
Water addition

6. Bleaching with option of Pretreatment
30 – 40 mins retention followed by re-heating
Degumming -II
Silica Adsorption
Water washing & drying
P content ppm
Bleaching with option of Pretreatment
De-acidification & Deodorization- Low Trans
De-waxing /Winterization

7. Chemical Refining 1 (Crude Soya, Corn, Sunflower, Canola Oils)
Water Degumming
Gum Drying (Lecithin)
Pretreatment/Gums Conditioning
30 – 40 mins retention
Caustic lye addition
30 – 60 mins retention, followed by re-heating
Neutralization Separation
Soapstock Acidulation
P content
<10 ppm
Water washing & drying
Silica Adsorption
Bleaching with option of Pretreatment
Deodorization –
Low TRANS
Winterization

8. Chemical Refining 2 (Crude Cottonseed oil – For gossypol removal)
Pretreatment/Gums Conditioning
30 – 40 mins retention
Caustic lye addition
10 – 20 mins retention
Degumming/Neutralization Separation
Cooling of oil < 45 deg C
Caustic lye addition
40 – 60 mins retention, followed by heating
Re-refining separation
P content
<10 ppm
Water washing & drying

9. Bleaching with option of Pretreatment
Deodorization-
Low TRANS
De-waxing /Winterization

10. Degumming, Neutralization and Water Washing

11. Critical Points In Bleaching
Removal of metal contaminants & residual P-contents – Pre-treatment of oil with acid prior to Bleaching
Slurry preparation & Bleaching in single reactor – Compact system - HIBLEACHTM
Bleaching chemical carry over to Vacuum system – Mixing must be efficient
Wet Bleaching with effective mechanical agitation
Ensuring accurate dosing of Bleaching earth – Automated dosing
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12. Pre-treatment (conditioning) and Bleaching

13. Quality of Feedstock required for Deodorization -
Deodorization Techniques
Quality of Feedstock required for Deodorization -
Test Parameter
Unit
Deodorization feedstock (Chemical Ref)
Deacidification – Deodorization feedstock (Physical Ref)
FFA %
< 0.5
< 20
Phosphatides as P content
ppm
< 2
< 5
Moisture volatiles
< 0.05
Soap
Nil
Trace Metals
< 0.1 PV
mili eq/kg
< 1.0
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14. Deodorization Techniques
Stand-alone Vessel Deodorization – KOMPOSITE ™ Deodorization
Packed Column Deodorization - PACKD™ Deodorization
Low Temperature Deodorization for Low Trans FA content - LOWTRANS™ Deodorization
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15. Deodorization Techniques
KOMPOSITE™ Deodorization
Regenerative heating, Final heating, Deodorization of oil and Scrubbing of distillates – in one single vessel.
Minimal space and time required for installation
User-friendly in operations and maintenance
Lower Consumption of steam for stripping FFA & Odoriferous matter
No splash oil generation
Highest FFA recovery
Highly energy efficient
Scrubbing
Final Heating ( degC)
240 – 255 degC
Regenerative Heating (Deod
deg C)

16. Deodorization Techniques
PACKD™ Deodorization
Salient Features –
Enhanced surface area created by structured packing for efficient stripping
Low stripping steam requirement – 0.8 % for small and medium capacity plants and 0.5 – 0.6 % for large capacity plants.
Lower load on vacuum system
User friendly for operations and maintenance
No splash oil generation
Ideal for deodorization of specialty fats
PACKD™ Deodorizer
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17. Undesirable actions in Deodorization
Undesirable reactions/processes in deodorization are:
Polymerization
Geometrical Isomerization of fatty acids
Loss of tocopherols
3 MCPD and GE esters
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18. Effects of Trans Fats on Human Health
Heart Diseases – Increases LDL (bad cholesterol) and decreases HDL (good cholesterol), Clogs arteries leading to increased risk of cardiac arrest three times.
Cancer risk – Carcinogenic and interferes with enzymes which fight cancer.
Obesity – trans fats accumulate in body
Diabetes – interferes with insulin receptors
Decreases immunity
Reproductive problems – interferes with hormones production
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19. Isomerization of Fatty Acids (FA) – Trans FA
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20. Parameters influencing Isomerization
Parameters influencing Isomerization are:
- Temperature
- Retention time
Following study (at 2.5 mm Hg ab) shows weight % of trans isomers of Linoleic acid(trans La) in refined soybean oil:
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21. trans linoleic acid content in final oil
weight % of trans isomer
2250C
2250C
Retention time in hrs
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22. Deodorization Techniques LOWTRANS™ Deodorization
Salient Features –
Dual Temperature Deodorization (High and Low)
Ideal for High FFA Feedstocks (like RBO)
Trans fatty acid isomer content < 0.5%
Operating Pressure : 1.0 Torr
Optimum Deodorization temperature and retention time combination
Efficient stripping in Dual temperature zones
Keeps a check on 3 MCPD and GE esters too
Stripping in packed high temp C
Regenerative cooling to C
Retention at C
LOWTRANS™ Deodorizer

23. Feed oil FFA content (in %) DUALSCRUB™ FFA content (in %)
Two Stage Scrubbing
Maximum separation between FFA and tocopherols streams.
No extra processing cost
Higher tocopherol yield in alkali refined soybean, sunflower and rapeseed oil.
In physical refined oils (crude Rice Bran Oil, crude Palm Oil) FFA content achieved in 2nd stage of scrubbing is:
Adds premium value to both the products yielded from the two stages of scrubbing.
DUALSCRUB™ can be installed in existing systems too.
Feed oil FFA content (in %)
DUALSCRUB™ FFA content (in %)
4-5
>92%
5-6
95%
7 and above
Upto 98%

24. Quality of Final Deodorized Oil
Test Parameter
Unit
Deodorization
Deacidification – Deodorization
FFA %
< 0.05
< 0.05 (For Palm Oil PR)
Phosphatides as P content
ppm
< 2
< 5 PV
milli eq/kg
< 0.1
< 0.25
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25. AUTOMATION
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26. Automation Flow Supervisory Control / SCADA PLC Field Instruments
Analog and Digital I/Os, Relays etc.
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27. Levels of Automation Level I – Process parameter control
Level II - Process parameter control and Data Logging
Level III - Logical Control of operations – Process and utilities flow mass control and data logging, material balancing for evaluating the online manufacturing cost.
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28. Automation of LOWTRANSTM Deodorization

32. DVC Automation Advantages
Entire operations in storage and process plant can be controlled through a single central processor, with a facility of localized control points for individual section.
Optimum selection of field instruments and reliable processors/electronic components as per the required duty conditions
Analysis of all the process parameters and consequent precise control of operations
Detail report generation of entire plant parameters and stock can help in making commercial decisions
Current and Cumulative stocks report generation
Customized automation solutions
In-house dedicated automation team to deliver efficient automation solutions
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33. Summary
Critical issues in Degumming/Neutralization, Bleaching and Deodorization
Different Deodorization technique for different feedstocks – KOMPOSITETM, PACKDTM, LOWTRANSTM
Trans-fats are produced as a result of Isomerization at elevated temperatures and longer retention.
To keep a check on Trans fats composition in oils, a perfect balance between Temperature – Retention Time – Pressure needs to be maintained – DVC’s Novel Dual Temp. LOWTRANSTM Deodorization
Automation helps to control the final oil quality by precise control of process parameters
DVC can also help industries to modify their current system to produce low trans-fat oil.
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34. DVC Process Technologists
Thank you!
DVC Process Technologists
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