1. ENVIRONMENTALLY SOUND
PLANT NUTRITION
Dr. Péter Csathó

2. ENVIRONMENTALLY SOUND PLANT NUTRITION
 1. History of agriculture and soil fertility
2. Basic principles and methods of soil tests (30 slides)
3. Principles and methods of plant analysis 4. Types of Plant Nutrition Experiments 5. Principles and method of nutrient balance
6. Plant nutrition and environmental aspects of soil pH and lime status
7. Assessing of organic farming from the aspect of sustainable plant nutrition
8. The environmental aspects of plant nutrition 9. Heavy metal load of agricultural production related to plants nutrition
10. The basics of environmentally sound plant nutrition advisory system : Evaluation of the database of Hungarian long-term field NPK fertilization exeriments 11. The structure of environmentally sound plant nutrition advisory system 12. Comparative evaluation of the environmentally sound plant nutrition advisory system, and its application in case of some
farms

3. 8. The environmental aspects of plant nutrition
ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY POWER PLANTS

4. Nitrogen Losses in agriculture livestock breeding Plant cultivation
8. The environmental aspects of plant nutrition

5. The most important nitrogen losses "receiving medium " The air
Groundwater
Surface waters
8. The environmental aspects of plant nutrition

6. 8. The environmental aspects of plant nutrition
livestock breeding
The N-utilization of animal husbandry is low. Less than 25% of N ( and P) content of the animal feed is incorporated in the milk, milk products, meat, egg, wool. The majority of N in animal feed leaves with faeces and urine.
During the maturation of farmyard manure about 20% of N, 10% of K2O and 5% of P2O5 loss is reported.
In the 70s and 80s, in the era of cheap fertilizer,half – one third of the farmyard manure was not put into the fields for economic reasons → NP-point pollution.
8. The environmental aspects of plant nutrition

7. 8. The environmental aspects of plant nutrition
Certain groups suggest to consume less animal food and to be on vegetarian diet in order to improve the N-utilization of agriculture.
Other proposed measures are
to reduce animal density (where this is an environmental problem – in the Central and Eastern European region it is the opposite, the real, agronomic, social and rural development problems is the too low animal density),
to coordinate the production of the crop and livestock sectors .
The optimal animal density is : 75 livestock / 100 ha of agricultural land. EU: extreme imbalances in the animal density in Benelux countries: livestock / 100 ha of agricultural land;
Central and Eastern European countries: livestock / 100 ha of agricultural land.
8. The environmental aspects of plant nutrition

8. 8. The environmental aspects of plant nutrition
The EU Nitrate Directive limit for N that can be issued as organic manure is 170 kg / ha N per year.
This Directive is circumvented by EU countries with high density of animals . They report considerably less manure N content, N utilization respectively in their national Action Programme (AP) (akcióprogram ennek lehet más a neve angolul?)
8. The environmental aspects of plant nutrition

9. Plant cultivation
N-losses resulted from the improper excessive, N-application:
denitrification
volatilization
Leaching
Usually the latter is the most significant loss.
8. The environmental aspects of plant nutrition

10. The main threats of N leaching:
Eutrophication of surface waters.
The increased NOx contamination of underground water
The growing nitrate contamination of drinking water. The WHO recommends that the content of nitrate in drinking water should not exceed 50 mg / l concentration (Children: 15 mg / l).
Groundwater nitrate contamination rate in the European Union (If Mell, 2007)
8. The environmental aspects of plant nutrition

11. Factors affecting the Nitrate N Leaching
8. The environmental aspects of plant nutrition

15. Hazard map of nitrate-N leaching in Hungary (Nemeth, 1996)
8. The environmental aspects of plant nutrition

16. 8. The environmental aspects of plant nutrition
The nitrate anion (NO3-). The negative charged ions leaches together with positive charged ions (cations), in this case the cations are Ca2+, Mg2+, K+ etc. Thus, the nitrate leaching results deficiency of other nutrients like Ca, Mg, K.
The longer the duration the vegetation of the area the less the risk of N leaching (catch-crop).
The slow-acting N-fertilizers (coated, e.g.. paraffin-coated particles) also reduce the extent of leaching
- more expensive.
8. The environmental aspects of plant nutrition

17. 2. Soil testing Principles and Methods
The depth distribution of NO3-N (Kg / ha) in cm layer of the long-term experiment. (Nemeth and Kadar 1991)
2. Soil testing Principles and Methods

18. winter wheat yield and nitrate leaching rate versus N doses
(al Bøckman et. 1990)
8. The environmental aspects of plant nutrition

19. 8. The environmental aspects of plant nutrition
Obligatory designation of nitrate sensitive areas in EU countries
The EU wants that all the agricultural area of ​​each EU country would be declared as nitrate - sensitive area.
Hungary:
2007: 43% of arable land ;
2013: 67% of the arable land.
8. The environmental aspects of plant nutrition

20. The nitrate-N contamination of drinking water sources (wells, springs) that are currently in use

21. 8. The environmental aspects of plant nutrition
Emissions of ammonia and nitrogen oxide in the atmosphere and the extent of N-deposition from it
Total and anthropogenic emissions of nitrogen compounds to the atmosphere
Emissions to the atmosphere (Mt / y N)
Compound anthropogenic Total
NOx NH
N2O
Total
Source: Bouwman et Moiser et al (1998), Al (1997);.. Olivier et al. (1998)
8. The environmental aspects of plant nutrition

22. 8. The environmental aspects of plant nutrition
The gaseous emissions of nitrogen can cause the following of environmental damage:
the acidification of soils and surface waters
Eutrophication and biodiversity loss in surface waters and remote areas respectively.
Increase of the concentrations of greenhouse effect gases in the atmosphere
The increase of surface ozone concentrations due to the reaction of NOx and certain volatile organic carbon compounds.
8. The environmental aspects of plant nutrition

23. 8. The environmental aspects of plant nutrition
Most of the NH3 and NOx in the atmosphere returned to the surface with dry or wet depositions .
In Hungary, the annual dry & wet N deposition amount is about 14 kg / ha.
8. The environmental aspects of plant nutrition

24. ammonia
The total NH3 emission is 54 Mt / yr of N, 75% of it has anthropogenic origin.
The main source of anthropogenic ammonia emissions in the world
(Al Bouwman et., 1997)
anthropogenic sources Ammonia (Mt / y N)
Pets and their manure 22
Fertilizers (urea, and other) 9
The burning of vegetation 6
cultivated plants 4
Total 41
Asia: 50% of the total NH3emission. The largest emissions: Europe ,, the Indian subcontinent and China. Reason: the high density of animals; ammonium bicarbonate and urea fertilizers. The basic emission source is livestock. The 30% of the N in faeces and urine evaporates as NH3 .
8. The environmental aspects of plant nutrition

25. Nitrogen oxides: NOx (NO and NO2) and N2O
The total NOx emissions is 48 Mt / yr N, with 65% of anthropogenic origin.
The world's main natural and anthropogenic N2O emission sources (al Moiser et., 1998)
Source N2O (Mt / y N)
anthropogenic
agricultural soils
livestock breeding
The burning of vegetation
Industry
total anthropogenic
Natural
Total
North America: 25%. Western Europe, the former Soviet Union, Africa and China: 10-10% of the all NOx emissions (sub, Olivier et., 1998)
8. The environmental aspects of plant nutrition

26. 8. The environmental aspects of plant nutrition
The N2O emmision is responsible for the formation of greenhouse effect in 5-6% . It is on the list of the Kyoto Protocol, which regulates the emission of gases responsible for the greenhouse effect.
8. The environmental aspects of plant nutrition

27. Phosphorous Losses in agriculture
Plant cultivation
P losses of animal husbandry is not significant
/unlike nitrogen /
8. The environmental aspects of plant nutrition

28. 8. The environmental aspects of plant nutrition
The most important "receiving medium „ of phosphorus losses
Surface waters
Groundwater
the main environmental concern of phosphorus losses is the phenomenon of eutrophication (nutrient enrichment, which leads to intense increase of phytoplankton in surface water)
8. The environmental aspects of plant nutrition

29. P leaching can occur under the following conditions:
The extent of phosphorus losses come from leaching is much smaller than the extent of erosion losses.
P leaching can occur under the following conditions:
P is in soluble organic form , for example as organic manure;
The soil is saturated with P, it is no longer capable of binding P;
In case of preferential flow: in soil cracks, roots and animal passages the rain passes through too quickly, and the surface can not bind P.
On drained areas the extent of P leaching is larger than on undrained areas.
In case of sandy soils P leaching is larger than by clay soils.
8. The environmental aspects of plant nutrition

30. The evaluation of phosphorus load from agricultural sources
Eutrophication phenomenon has been described for the first time in the 60s, at the US and Canadian Great Lakes region. In the next decade a number of Western European and other countries in the developed world also observed the eutrophication of lakes as a result of different levels of P-enrichment.
Initially, eutrophication occurred when untreated sewage waters introduced into the rivers and lakes. The elimination and reduction of this polluting source is achieved by waste water drainage and removing its phosphorus content
or by introducing phosphorus-free detergents.
8. The environmental aspects of plant nutrition

31. P losses as a result of erosion and surface run-off
A relationship between the potential phosphorus loss value number (PVÉSZ) and P loss resulted by erosion and surface run off ( PVÉSZ changes weighted as a function of erosion, surface run-off, soil P-supply, the portion and the application mode of P)
(Sharpley and Lemunyon 1997)
8. The environmental aspects of plant nutrition

32. P losses as a result of leaching
The relationship between the soil Olsen P concentration and the total P content of drain water in Broadbalk’s long-term experiments in Rothamstedben. Silty clay loam soil
(Al Brookes et., 1997)
8. The environmental aspects of plant nutrition

33. Not only eutrophication, but the leaching of P is also a problem.
Benelux countries:
Not only eutrophication, but
the leaching of P is also a problem.
Reason:
Extremely high livestock densities
Low buffering capacity of sandy soils
Significant liquid manure application yearly
8. The environmental aspects of plant nutrition

34. / Haskoning - PHARE program for the Danube countries, 1993-1994 /
The weight of each factor in the NP load surface waters of Duna River Basin countries
/ Haskoning - PHARE program for the Danube countries, /
8. The environmental aspects of plant nutrition

35. (Ijjas & Bögi, 1994; Vollenbroek J. 1994;. Nemeth et al, 1994)
The weight of each factor in the P2O5 load of surface waters in the load Duna River Basin countries in 1991
1000 t, % respectively.
(Ijjas & Bögi, 1994; Vollenbroek J. 1994;. Nemeth et al, 1994)

36. / Haskoning - PHARE program for the Danube countries, 1993-1994 /
The nitrogen and phosphorus load of Hungarian surface waters per sector
/ Haskoning - PHARE program for the Danube countries, /

37. 8. The environmental aspects of plant nutrition
The N and P2O5 load of surface waters per sector
1000 t / year
Nemeth Csathó-Molnar, 1994; Ijjas and Bögi, 1994
total load:
38,4 thousand t N or 10.8 thousand tons of elementary P annually
8. The environmental aspects of plant nutrition

38. The EU Nitrate Directive-critical evaluation
Anomalies of NP balances in the EU countries

39. 'Union: a coherent, balanced, rounded unification '
Webster's Dictionary

40. 'Union: a coherent, balanced, rounded unification '
Webster's Dictionary

41. This section of the presentation is recommended to the dialogue between the western and eastern parts of the EU. (which, unfortunately, until now has not even started)
The aim of this dialogue would be to work for the well-being of ordinary people in both macroregion.

42. Animal density (livestock pcs / 100 ha)
West Central and Eastern
in Europe in Europe
Many animals. ks / 100 ha area of ​​agricultural and forestry vehicles

43. Animal Density (livestock/ 100 ha arable land )
in West- Europe in Middle East Europre

44. Nitrogen fertilization (N kg / ha)
in West Europe in Central and Eastern Europe
N-fertilizer N kg / ha area of ​​agricultural and forestry vehicles

45. Phosphorus fertilization (P kg / ha)
in West Europe in Central and Eastern Europe
P-fertilizer P kg / ha area of ​​agricultural and forestry vehicles

46. Relationship between N and P fertilization intensity in the world, 2000 (Csathó and Radimszky, 2007)

47. (Csathó and Radimszky, 2007)
The relationship between GDP and organic + NP fertilizer use, as a function of population density in the world, 2000
(Csathó and Radimszky, 2007)

48. The relationship between population density and the animal density of the World, 2000 (Csathó and Radimszky, 2007)

49. (Csathó and Radimszky, 2007)
Relationship between the NP doses released by fertilizers and by organic manure of the world, 2000
(Csathó and Radimszky, 2007)

50. (Csathó and Radimszky, 2007)
Relationship between the population density and the the amount of NP released by organic + synthetic fertilizers of the World, 2000
(Csathó and Radimszky, 2007)

51. Estimated cumulative N balance of some European countries between 1991 and 2005, (N, kg / ha arable land) (Csathó and Radimszky, 2007)

52. Nitrate contamination rate of groundwater in the European Union
(HaMell, 2007)

53. Soil phosphorus supply in Western European countries in 1991
(Steen, 1997; Hofman, 2007)

54. Soil phosphorus supply in the Central and Eastern European countries at the beginning of the 90s
(Al Csathó et., 2006)

55. Principles of phosphorus fertilizer recommendation system for arable crops in Germany (STP) (FRüCHTENICHT and Vetter (1974)

56. (Csathó and Radimszky, 2007)
The relationship between the value of P supply and number and P balance in European countries in the early 90s
(Csathó and Radimszky, 2007)

57. Estimated cumulative P balance of some European countries between 1991 and 2005, (P kg / ha arable land) (Csathó and Radimszky, 2007)

58. serious environmental
problems
Serious and agronomic
social problems,
rural agony

59. The P balance of EU12 countries Pork stocking density in Western
In 1990, NUTS 2 level (EEA, 1995) Europe (World Bank, 2005)

60. Cumulated NP balances between 1991 (the year when the Nitrate Directive entried into force ) and 2005 , and the relationship between the balances and the animal density in some EU countries (Csathó and Radimszky, 2009)

61. Animal density (livestock pcs / 100 ha)
In West Europe In Central and Eastern Europe
Many animals. ks / 100 ha area of ​​agricultural and forestry vehicles

62. 4 × 100 freestyle relay
1.The scientific conditions of livable rural (environmentally sound plant nutrition / protection and cultivation) 2. The sociological conditions of livable rural
3. Installation of 1-2 into statutory regulation 4. specialized administration to execute the laws

63. Is there only EU 4 × 100 freestyle relay ?
Do the 27 member countries have the right to launch their own 4 × 100 team for a livable countryside and rural survival?

64. 8. The environmental aspects of plant nutrition
According to the principle of subsidiarity, on EU level priority has to be given to the JOINT remedy of agricultural environmental, agronomic, social and rural development problems
over the current priority of capital and the free movement of goods. The current system is not sustainable from the aspect of either agro-environmental , agronomic, social or rural development side.
8. The environmental aspects of plant nutrition

65. Hungary’s strategy for the Livable Countryside
Based on the positive experience gained by Zichy Laszlo's complex regional development program the extention of that to national level is needed.
8. The environmental aspects of plant nutrition

66. Immanuel Kant ( ) created the philosophy of categorical imperativus , the "Copernican revolution" in Transcendental idealism.
"Two things fill my soul to newer and more increasing respect and admiration, the more often and more permanent I deal with my them: the starry sky above me and the moral law within me . "(Marks, 269)

67. "Two things fill my soul to newer and more increasing terror and anxiety, the more often and more permanent I deal with them : The EU flags with stars (a kisgömböcöt nem tudom belefordítani) and the lack of moral law of the European Union, and its the legislative and advocacy practice " (Kant's philosophy Immámuel 21st century transcript)

68. 8. The environmental aspects of plant nutrition