1. Fight or
Flight?

2. What changes occur in your body when you get scared?

7. Endocrine System
a group of glands in the body which secrete
hormones directly into the blood.

8. Don’t look here
Don’t look here
either

10. Why does FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone affect the ovaries but no other organs such as the stomach?

11. Hormone

12. They evoke specific responses in target cells of the body.
Hormones
molecules secreted into the
blood by the endocrine
glands.
They evoke specific responses in target cells of the body.

15. secrete chemical messengers that attach to receptors
Comparing the Nervous
and Endocrine Systems
Similarities
respond to stimuli
maintain homeostasis
secrete chemical messengers that attach to receptors
same target organs

16. Comparing the Nervous and Endocrine Systems Differences
Nervous response is faster
ex. Blink of an eye
Endocrine response lasts longer
ex. Changes during puberty

17. The Pancreas

18. Endocrine Gland Exocrine Gland
The Pancreas
Endocrine Gland Exocrine Gland
secretes hormones
secretes enzymes
into intercellular fluid
into a duct (tube)
into blood
leading to small intestine
target organ(s)

19. Islets of Langerhans

20. The pancreas produces the hormones insulin and glucagon
Why is insulin important?

21. diabetes http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nBJN7DH83HA&NR=1

22. Insulin Regulates blood glucose (sugar) in the normal range
Stimulates cells of the body to absorb and use glucose thereby decreasing blood sugar levels
Secreted in response to: High blood glucose
Secretion inhibited by: Low blood glucose

23. Glucagon
Assists insulin in regulating blood glucose (sugar) in the normal range
Actions are opposite of insulin
Stimulates many cells of the body to release (or produce) glucose (increasing blood sugar)
Secreted in response to: Low blood glucose
Secretion inhibited by: High blood glucose

24. How does a thermostat work?

25. Sensor detects high blood sugar level Blood sugar level drops
Negative Feedback:
Lowered blood sugar leads to shutting off of insulin production
Blood sugar level drops
Pancreas secretes insulin

26. Sensor detects low blood sugar level Blood sugar level rises
Negative Feedback:
Higher blood sugar leads to shutting off of glucagon production
Blood sugar level rises
Pancreas secretes glucagon

27. INSULIN
VS.
GLUCAGON

28. Disease due to insulin deficiency: Diabetes
Disease due to excess insulin: Hypoglycemia

29. 1 4 2 5 3 6 Pituitary Gland Thyroid Pancreas Testes Ovaries
Adrenal Glands 3
Testes 6
Ovaries

31. Goiter

32. Goiter

33. Thyroid Gland

35. Goiter noncancerous enlargement of the thyroid gland
often associated with iodine deficiency;
iodine is needed to make thyroid hormone

36. Thyroid Hormones

40. The Pituitary is the “master gland” of the endocrine system

42. Hormones from the Anterior Pituitary
Thyroid stimulating hormone
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Leutenizing Hormone (LH)
Prolactin
Growth Hormone

45. (cortisol)

46. So what causes Goiter?

47. Regulation of Thyroxin
Hypothalamus
TRH
No TRH
Pituitary Gland
TSH
No TSH
Thyroid Gland
thyroxin

48. Negative feedback
when the concentration of a product reaches a certain level, the product will inhibit it’s own synthesis

49. Goiter

50. Thyroid Hormones

51. Deregulation of Thyroxin in Goiter
Hypothalamus
TRH
No TRH
Pituitary Gland
TSH
No TSH
Thyroid Gland
NO iodine in diet
thyroxin

52. Thyroid releasing hormone
Thyroid stimulating hormone

53. cycle  A recurring sequence of events;
e. g. the secretion of certain hormones at regular intervals.
negative feedback loop
A biochemical pathway where the products of the reaction inhibit production of the enzyme that controlled their formation.

54. Sensor detects high blood sugar level Blood sugar level drops
Negative Feedback:
Lowered blood sugar leads to shutting off of insulin production
Blood sugar level drops
Pancreas secretes insulin

55. Sensor detects low blood sugar level Blood sugar level rises
Negative Feedback:
Higher blood sugar leads to shutting off of glucagon production
Blood sugar level rises
Pancreas secretes glucagon

56. Regulation of Thyroxin
Hypothalamus
TRH
No TRH
Pituitary Gland
TSH
No TSH
Thyroid Gland
thyroxin

57. Deregulation of Thyroxin in Goiter
Hypothalamus
TRH
No TRH
Pituitary Gland
TSH
No TSH
Thyroid Gland
NO iodine in diet
thyroxin

58. Use the information in the following paragraph to create a map showing the hierarchy of regulation involved in the secretion of cortisol
Since cortisol is so vital to health, the amount of cortisol produced by the adrenals is precisely balanced. Like many other hormones, cortisol is regulated by the brain’s hypothalamus and the pituitary gland, a bean sized organ at the base of the brain. First, the hypothalamus sends a “releasing hormone” CRH (corticotropin releasing hormone) to the pituitary gland . The pituitary responds by secreting ACTH (adrenocorticotropin), a hormone that stimulates the adrenal glands. When the adrenals receive the pituitary’s signal in the form of ACTH, they respond by producing cortisol. Completing the cycle, cortisol then signals the pituitary to lower secretion of ACTH.
Similar to

59. Regulation of Cortisol
Hypothalamus
CRH
No CRH
Pituitary Gland
No ACTH
ACTH
Adrenal Gland
cortisol

61. Grave’s Disease

65. Male athletes who abuse anabolic steroids often develop sterility, testicular atrophy, and enlarged breasts.
EXPLAIN WHY.

66. Anabolic Steroids are synthetic versions of testosterone
Massive Hint:
Anabolic Steroids are synthetic versions of testosterone

67. Negative feedback
when the concentration of a product reaches a certain level, the product will inhibit it’s own synthesis
so… when the body detects elevated levels of “testosterone” (anabolic steroids), it stops making it’s own testosterone and ...

68. converts testosterone to estrogen
(the female hormone)!

69. How did the mouse on the left get so huge?

70. Both of these mice have a defect in a gene called obese (ob).
This mutation usually results in a marked increase in the amount of fat.

71. Administration of the protein encoded by the ob gene, called leptin, reduced the body weight of the ob mouse on the right.

72. After four and a half weeks, the ob mouse on the left, which did not
receive leptin, weighed approximately 67 grams while the mouse on the right, who received daily injections of leptin, weighed 35 grams.

73. Normal mice weigh approximately 24 grams, a weight equivalent to that of an orange.

74. How did the injections of leptin make the animal lose weight?

75. Daily injections of leptin to ob mice reduced body weight via
effects on food intake and energy expenditure
(treated animals ate less and also burned more calories)

76. Research suggests that fat cells normally produce leptin to tell the brain how fat the body is and, therefore, whether an organism should eat more or stop eating.

77. Obesity
Obese people may be lacking receptors for leptin in their brains
–or-
May have a mutated (defective) form of leptin that fails to tell the brain that the body has enough fat

78. Over 80% of adult-onset diabetics are obese.
What is the link between obesity and diabetes?

79. is it Resistin? discovery reported Jan. 2001
hormone produced by fat tissue
resistin levels reduced by anti-diabetic drug rosiglitazone
resistin levels increased in diet-induced and genetic forms of obesity

80. Treatment of normal mice with resistin
impairs glucose tolerance
impairs insulin action
impairs uptake of glucose by cells

81. Mice with diet-induced obesity were treated with anti-resistin antibody
results of treatment w/antibody
lowered blood sugar levels
improved action of insulin

84. Acromegally

85. Too much growth hormone in adulthood
Acromegally
Too much growth hormone in adulthood

86. Parathyroid Glands, patches of tissue embedded in the thyroid gland, produce & secrete parathormone.

87. Parathormone controls the metabolism of calcium which is necessary for nerve function, blood clotting and proper growth of teeth and bones.

88. 1 4 2 5 3 6 Pituitary Gland Thyroid Pancreas Testes Ovaries
Adrenal Glands 3
Testes 6
Ovaries

89. The Pineal Gland

91. The Pineal Gland produces melatonin
production of melatonin by the pineal gland is stimulated by darkness and inhibited by light
affects the modulation of sleep patterns
both seasonal and circadian rhythms