1. APUSH Review Period – 1800

2. French & Indian War
Causes:
Expansion of British colonists into the interior of North America (Ohio Valley)
Iroquois allied with the British
The French were removed from North America – lost a trading partner
British colonists expanded on to native land
Pontiac’s Rebellion -> Proclamation Line of 1763

3. French & Indian War Impacts of the war?
Britain gained MASSIVE amounts of land in North America – France is essentially removed
Britain became in debt from the war - sought to raise revenue and gain more control over colonies
Salutary Neglect Ends – Britain ends its “hands-off” approach
Britain begins to collect taxes – Sugar Act (1764), Stamp Act (1765), etc.
Tensions from the 7 Years’ War helped lead to the American Revolution
Post-7 Years’ War, Britain sought to limit expansion
Britain forbade expansion west of the Appalachian Mountains -> Proclamation Line
Natives resisted encroachment of colonists
Pontiac’s Rebellion (1763)

4. Turning Against Britain
A) British taxes WITHOUT colonial representation or consent
Parliament created taxes without colonial representation, stated they were “virtually” represented
Colonists were ok with colonial taxes; they could vote for representation
Colonists successfully boycotted taxes (Stamp, Townshend) and they developed more resolve in their cause
B) How did colonists justify their resistance?
Rights of British subjects:
Rejection of “virtual representation” – idea that Parliament acted in best interest of all British subjects
Rights of individuals:
Taxation, writs of assistance, admiralty courts
Enlightenment ideas:
Consent of the governed, “Life, liberty, and property”
Local Traditions of self-rule:
Colonists had the ability to elect colonial representatives

5. Turning Against Britain
C) Individuals involved in the independence movement:
Colonial leaders:
Paul Revere and John Hancock – wealthy merchants that protested taxation
Ben Franklin – argued America contributed significantly to the 7 Years’ War through colonial taxes and men; co-writer of the Declaration of Independence, and gained the support of France during the war
Grassroots movements: laborers, artisans, and women
Mercy Otis Warren – writer that urged independence
D) Patriot Mobilization:
Large numbers of men AND women contributed to the war effort
Provided financial and material support
E) British advantages and American advantages:
British:
loyalist opposition (20% and higher in some areas)
Bigger military and more $
American:
Familiarity with the land, military leadership of George Washington, deep commitment to their cause, and foreign aid – most notably the French, after Saratoga

6. Enlightenment Ideas
A) Impact of Enlightenment on American political thinkers?
Individual talent over hereditary privilege
Eldest son inherits most, if not all, of property
Religion helped contribute to many Americans viewing themselves as blessed with liberty
B) T-Paine and the Declaration
Thomas Paine’s Common Sense:
Challenged KG3 – it was “common sense” to break away from the corrupt monarch
A little island could not rule a larger continent
Declaration of Independence:
Inspired by Enlightenment ideas – John Locke – and Thomas Paine
All men had natural rights of “Life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness”

7. Enlightenment Ideas Expanded
C) Push for equality during and after Rev. War
Some individuals called for the abolition of slavery
Pennsylvania’s Gradual Abolition Law (1780):
Prohibited importation of slaves into PA
ALL children born in PA would be free, regardless if their parents were slaves
Model for other northern states to follow
Increased calls for greater political democracy:
Abigail Adams’ “Remember the Ladies”
Judith Sargent Murray advocated education for females
D) Republican Motherhood
Women were expected to instill republican values in children and families
Increased educational opportunities for women
E) Impact of the American Rev. and D.O.I. on the world?
Inspired revolutions across the world
French Revolution in 1789
Haiti – Toussaint L’Ouverture helped Haiti gain independence in 1804
Latin America – many Spanish colonies gained independence in the early 19th century

8. Articles of Confederation
A) Politics of state constitutions
Feared strong centralized power (Britain)
Articles and state constitutions had strong legislative branches
Property requirements for voting and citizenship – fear of the masses
B) Challenges under the Articles:
Trade: each state could places tariffs on goods from other states – discouraged trade between states
Finances: each state could coin its own $ - differing values, high inflation in some states, also discouraged trade
Many states had debt from Revolutionary War – increased taxes
Federal government could not require taxes
Foreign Relations:
Britain – refused commercial treaties with US, Congress could not control commerce (sanctions against Britain)
Spain – cut off access to Mississippi River
Both countries supplied Native Americans with weapons
Internal unrest:
Shays’ Rebellion: - MA farmers demanded debt relief, attacked court houses
These challenges helped many Americans realize a stronger central government was needed……..

9. Constitutional Government
C) Constitution created a limited government that embodied federalism and separation of powers
Federalism – division of power between state and federal governments
Specific powers for both the federal and state governments
D) Constitutional compromises
Great Compromise (Connecticut Compromise) – Roger Sherman
Combined VA Plan (large-states) and NJ Plan (small-states)
Created a bicameral legislature with one house based on population (House of Reps) and one with equal representation (Senate)
A census would be taken every ten years to determine population
3/5 Compromise:
For the purpose of representation, 3/5 slaves would count as 1 person in the South
BOTH THE GREAT COMPROMISE AND 3/5 COMPROMISE SETTLED THE ISSUE OF REPRESENTATION
E) Ratification of the Constitution
Federalists (favored) vs. anti-Federalists
Federalist Papers (Hamilton, Madison, and Jay) – written to advocate the ratification of the Constitution
Why was it finally ratified?
Federalists promised to add a Bill of Rights that protected individual rights and restricted powers of the federal government (no quartering troops – 3rd; no search and seizure without warrant – 4th)

10. Government Workings
A) Institutions and precedents established by Washington and Adams
2-term tradition (until the 22nd amendment) by Washington
Creation of the cabinet
Creation of the Bank of the US (BUS) by Alexander Hamilton
B) Emergence of the Federalists (Hamilton) and Democratic-Republicans (Jefferson and Madison)
Relationship between national government and states – Federalists favored a stronger national government, Democratic-Republicans favored a smaller gov
VA and KY Resolutions – belief that states could nullify federal laws
Economic Policy – Hamilton’s Financial Plan (Federalists) would strengthen the federal government – the creation of the BUS was NOT mentioned in Constitution
Hamilton argued the Necessary and Proper, or elastic clause
Foreign Affairs – Federalists favored Great Britain – trade and $, Democratic-Republicans favored France – saw French Rev. as an extension of American Rev.

11. Impacts on Government Art: Literature: Architecture:
C) Impacts of the expansion of slavery:
Antislavery sentiment began to grow in the north
Emergence of sectional attitudes towards slavery
South’s transition from “A necessary evil” to “A positive good”
D) National identity seen through:
Art:
Gilbert Stuart – painted portraits of the first 6 presidents
Literature:
Focused on freedom and defining the government
Jefferson’s Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom
Architecture:
Jefferson and Monticello
Pierre Charles L’Enfant and D.C.

12. New Nation Unrest
A) Relations with Natives post-Revolutionary War
Battle of Fallen Timbers ( Ohio):
Native Americans, led by Little Turtle were defeated by Americans – 630 Americans were killed
In 1794, the Indians signed the Treaty of Greenville
Natives ceded a significant amount of land, were allowed to retain some land, which was later encroached upon
Britain and Natives’ relationship contributed to tensions with the US – War of 1812
B) Frontier Cultures:
Scots-Irish (Paxton Boys):
Tended to settle on the frontier (edges of settlement)
Settled on land without regard for ownership (government, natives, etc.)
Displaced and suppressed Native Americans
Shays’ Rebellion:
Rebellion of farmers that demanded an end to foreclosures, imprisonment for debt, and paper currency
Closed courts
These illustrated tensions between poor (backcountry) and wealthy (interior)

13. Expansion C) Northwest Land Ordinance (1787):
Created a process to admit new states (once a population of 60,000 was reached)
Guaranteed freedom of religion and trial by jury (this was before the Bill of Rights)
A portion of land sales went to fund education (16th square mile)
Slavery was abolished in the territory
Protection of private property
D) Government relations with Natives:
In the Constitution, there was NO mention of treatment/relation with Natives; did not have representation in government
This led to issues over land
Treaty of Greenville – Discussed in 3.1, A
E) Spain expanded settlements into California (1760s):
Missions, or forts were created and trade expanded
Many natives died from disease, others were forced to convert to Christianity

14. Early Foreign Policy A) Diplomatic Initiatives: Jays’ Treaty (1795):
Treaty with Britain
US received compensation for damaged ships (upset the South)
Britain promised to leave posts (forts)
One cause of the development of political parties
Pinckney’s Treaty (1795):
Treaty with Spain
US granted navigation rights on the Mississippi River (Right of Deposit) in New Orleans

15. American Isolationism
B) Impacts of the war between Britain and France?
Influenced by American Revolution and Enlightenment ideas
US remained neutral in conflict between France and Britain
France and Britain both sought to keep the US from trading with the other
Impressment – forced taking of soldiers into the British navy (War of 1812)
Another cause of the emergence of political parties…..
Democratic-Republicans (Jeffersonians) tended to support the French
Federalists (led by Hamilton) tended to support the British
C) Washington’s Farewell Address:
Encouraged national unity
Warned against:
Political parties
Permanent foreign alliances
Make sure you can connect this to the failed Treaty of Versailles (1919) AND the US joining NATO after WWII

16. Big Idea Questions/ Topics:
Know the Political, social, and economic causes of the Revolutionary War.
How can the French And Indian War be seen as a turning point in American History?
How did Enlightenment ideas help lead to the American Revolution?
How was the Constitution able to pass in light of conflicting interests? (North v. South, Federalists v. Anti-Federalists)
How was the Revolutionary War a turning point in American History?
Understand the causes for the creation and ratification of the Constitution and its impacts.
Reasons for supporting and opposing the Constitution (Compare and contrast).
Know the issues that led to the creation of political parties.
What were achievements of the Northwest Land Ordinance?
How did foreign policy debates impact America domestically?
What was the message of George Washington’s Farewell Address?