1. Introductory Visualizing Technology
Sixth Edition
Chapter 4
Hardware
Welcome to Chapter 4 of Visualizing Technology, the sixth edition, by Debra Geoghan. This chapter will identify, explain, and compare hardware components of a computer system.

2. Learning Objectives 4.1 Explain the Functions of a CPU
4.2 Identify the Parts of a System Unit and Motherboard
4.3 Compare Storage Devices
4.4 List and Describe Common Input Devices
4.5 List and Describe Essential Video and Audio Output Devices
4.6 Compare Various Types of Printers
4.7 Explain and Provide Examples of Adaptive Technology
4.8 Discuss Communication Devices
Chapter Four objectives are:
Explain the Functions of a CPU
Identify the Parts of a System Unit and Motherboard
Compare Storage Devices
List and Describe Common Input Devices
List and Describe Essential Video and Audio Output Devices
Compare Various Types of Printers
Explain and Provide Examples of Adaptive Technology
Discuss Communication Devices
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3. Explain the Functions of a CPU
Learning Objective 4.1
Explain the Functions of a CPU

4. Explain the Functions of a CPU
Objective 1 explains the functions of a CPU, discusses the instruction cycle, and covers the various processing options.
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5. Functions of the CPU Central Processing Unit (CPU or processor)
Brain of the computer housed on the motherboard
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
Performs calculations
Control Unit: Manages data movement through the CPU
Executes instructions
Makes decisions
The central processing unit (CPU) is the brain of the computer. It is housed inside the system unit on the motherboard and is made up of two parts: the Arithmetic Logic Unit and the control unit. The arithmetic logic unit (ALU) performs all the mathematical and logical operations. The control unit manages the movement of data through the CPU. Together, these two units execute instructions, perform calculations, and make decisions.
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6. Instruction Cycle There are four steps in the instruction cycle: Fetch
Instruction is retrieved from main memory
Decode
Translates instruction into computer command
Execute
ALU processes the command
Store
Results are written back to memory
The instruction cycle, sometimes called the fetch-and-execute or machine cycle, consists of four steps: fetch, decode, execute, and store. During the fetch step, an instruction from memory is retrieved. This instruction is then decoded—translated into a computer command—in the second step. The ALU processes this command in the execute step, and the last step stores the results back to memory. This cycle is continuously repeated by the CPU.
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7. CPU Performance (1 of 4) CPU performance is measured in: Clock speed
Speed at which the processor executes the machine cycles
Overclock
Gigahertz (GHz)
Billions of cycles per second
The CPU works so fast it is difficult for us to comprehend. The speed at which the processor executes the machine cycle is called clock speed. The clock speed is measured in gigahertz. If a CPU runs at 3 GHz, it means that the processor executes 3 billion data cycles per second.
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8. CPU Performance (2 of 4) Multi-core processor
Two or more processors integrated on a single chip
Increases processing speed
Reduces energy consumption
GPU (graphics processing unit)
A video card that has its own processor
CPU performance can be enhanced in many ways.
Multi-core processing, which increases processing speed and reduces energy consumption, occurs when two or more processors are integrated on a single chip.
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9. CPU Performance (3 of 4) Parallel processing
Uses multiple processors, or multicore processors, to divide up processing tasks
Each processor can use pipelining to further boost processing efficiency
CPU performance can be enhanced in many ways.
Parallel processing uses multiple processors or multi-core processors, which divide the work among them and use pipelining.
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10. CPU Performance (4 of 4) Pipelining Used by a single processor
When the first instruction moves from stage 1 to stage 2 of the machine cycle, the next instruction moves into stage 1 – like an assembly line
CPU performance can be enhanced in many ways.
Pipelining, which works like an assembly line, is used by a single processor. As one instruction moves from fetch to decode, the processor fetches the next instruction.
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11. CPU Performance and Cooling
Processing generates heat
To prevent overheating, the CPU uses:
Heat sink – draws heat away from the processor
Cooling fan – positioned above the processor
System units have at least one system fan
Working quickly and using multicore processors generates a lot of heat. Excessive heat can damage a processor or cause it to fail. To prevent overheating, a heat sink and a cooling fan are installed to cool the CPU. The heat sink draws heat away from the processor using a material such as metal or ceramic. The cooling fan, positioned above the CPU, uses moving air to dispense excess heat.
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12. Identify the Parts of a System Unit and Motherboard
Learning Objective 4.2
Identify the Parts of a System Unit and Motherboard

13. Identify the Parts of a System Unit and Motherboard
Objective 2 identifies the parts of a system unit and motherboard. It explains how information flows over data buses and identifies system components such as drive controllers, ports, connectors, and the various types of memory.
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14. The Motherboard – The Main Circuit Board of the Computer
This system unit contains:
The CPU or processor (under the cooling fan)
The power supply
Motherboard (mostly obscured by other components)
Memory
The system unit is the physical case that protects the power supply, motherboard, CPU, and memory. The motherboard houses the CPU, drive controllers and interfaces, expansion slots, data buses, ports and connectors, BIOS, and memory. An expansion board plugs into an expansion slot and lets you connect devices such as video and sound cards. Drive controllers and interfaces connect disk drives to the processor. Data buses provide connections for information to flow over wires.

15. Ports and Connectors Ports connect peripherals to the motherboard USB
FireWire
Ethernet
Bluetooth
Ports are used to connect peripherals to the motherboard. The most common types today are USB and FireWire. Audio ports connect audio peripheral devices, and the Ethernet port connects a system to a network. USB ports are used to connect a mouse or keyboard. Bluetooth technology is used to connect peripherals wirelessly.

16. Ports & Connectors – Connect Peripherals to the Motherboard
Most common ports
USB
FireWire (IEEE 1394)
Thunderbolt
Ports and connectors connect peripherals to the motherboard. The USB port is a standard port type used to connect many kinds of devices. An advantage of USB devices is that they are hot-swappable—they can be plugged in and unplugged without turning off the computer. A USB hub is a device that connects multiple USB devices to a single USB port. FireWire is a hot-swappable port that can connect up to 63 devices per port. FireWire has largely been replaced by USB and the newer Thunderbolt technology, which was developed by IBM and Apple.
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17. Memory (Primary Storage) Temporary Storage Holds Instructions & Data
Types of memory used by computers
Random access memory (RAM)
Volatile memory that holds the OS, programs, and data the computer is currently using
Cache memory: very fast memory used to store frequently accessed information; located close to the processor
Level 1 (L1) —built into the processor
Level 2 (L2) —built into the processor on new systems or on the motherboard near the processor on older ones
Level 3 (L3) —separate chip on the motherboard near the processor
Memory, also known as primary storage, is temporary storage used to hold instructions and data. There are two types of computer memory: RAM (random access memory) and cache. RAM is volatile memory and holds the OS, programs, and data that is in use. Information held in RAM memory is lost when the power is turned off. Cache memory is very fast memory in close proximity to the processor used to store frequently accessed information.
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18. Compare Storage Devices
Learning Objective 4.3
Compare Storage Devices

19. Compare Storage Devices
Objective 3 compares the different types of storage devices and their characteristics. It also lists and describes the various types of memory cards.
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20. Storage Devices (1 of 2) Optical discs Solid-state storage CDs DVDs
Blu-ray
Solid-state storage
Flash drives
Memory cards
Mobile devices
Categories of storage devices are:
Optical disc storage pertains to CDs, DVDs, and Blu-ray discs; data is stored using a laser and read with optical disc drives.
Solid-state storage is non-mechanical. The data is stored using flash memory on a chip. There are no moving parts; therefore, these devices, which include flash drives, are quiet and durable.
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21. Storage Devices (2 of 2) Magnetic storage Hard drive
Primary mass-storage device in most computers
Categories of storage devices (cont.)
Hard drives store data magnetically on metal or specially coated materials.
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22. List and Describe Common Input Devices
Learning Objective 4.4
List and Describe Common Input Devices

23. List and Describe Common Input Devices
Objective 4 lists and describes common input devices.
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24. Input Devices – Devices Used to Get Data into the Computer (1 of 3)
Keyboard
Mouse
An input device is a device used to enter data into a computer system. The type of input device you use depends on the data to input, the type of computer the input device is connected to, and the application being used. The keyboard and mouse are the most common input devices.
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25. Input Devices – Devices Used to Get Data into the Computer (2 of 3)
Keypad
Touchpad
Stylus
Other input devices include the keypad, touchpad, and stylus.
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26. Input Devices – Devices Used to Get Data into the Computer (3 of 3)
Digital cameras and webcams
Optical scanners
QR code readers
Near field communication (NFC) devices
Magnetic strip readers
Biometric scanners
Joysticks
Digital cameras and webcams are among the ways to input data into computers. Optical scanners convert photos or documents into digital files. QR code readers and bar code readers provide information about products. Radio frequency identification (RFID) scanners read information from RFID tags. Magnetic strip readers read the information encoded in such strips. Biometric scanners measure human characteristics. Microphones convert sound into digital signals. Game controllers and joysticks let users interact with video games.
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27. List and Describe Essential Video and Audio Output Devices
Learning Objective 4.5
List and Describe Essential Video and Audio Output Devices

28. List and Describe Essential Video and Audio Output Devices
Objective 5 lists and describes essential video and audio output devices.
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29. Video Output Devices – Monitors (1 of 2)
Work by lighting pixels (picture elements) on the screen
CRT
Cathode ray tube; considered legacy technology
LCD
Liquid crystal display; popular in desktops and notebooks
Plasma
Larger in size; mostly used with media center systems or in conference rooms
CRT, liquid crystal display (LCD), plasma, and organic light-emitting diode (OLED) are video output device options. CRT monitors, which use cathode ray tubes, are big, use lots of energy, and are considered legacy technology. Most desktop and notebook computers have LCDs, liquid crystal displays. Plasma monitors, available in larger screen sizes, are typically used in media centers and conference rooms.
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30. Video Output Devices – Monitors (2 of 2)
Work by lighting pixels (picture elements) on the screen
OLED
Organic light-emitting diode; considered next technology of monitors
AMOLED
Active matrix OLED screens; found in some mobile devices
Sharper and have a wider viewing angle
OLED (organic light-emitting diode) monitors are 10 times more efficient than LCDs.
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31. Video Output Devices – Projectors
Produce larger output
More practical for presentations
Examples
DLP (digital light processing) projectors
Hundreds of thousands of tiny swiveling mirrors that create an image
Higher contrast and deeper blacks
LCD projectors
Pass light through a prism
Poorer contrast and washed-out blacks
Projectors produce larger images and are more practical when making a presentation or sharing media with a group in such places as a classroom. A DLP (digital light processing) projector uses hundreds of thousands of tiny swiveling mirrors to create an image. A LCD projector passes light through a prism. The DLP image has higher contrast and deeper blacks.
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32. Video Cards and Audio Output Devices – Video Cards
Expansion cards that provide the data signal and connector for a monitor or projector
The card can be integrated on the motherboard or connected via:
Expansion card
External USB
FireWire
A video card, an expansion card that provides the data signal and connector for a monitor or projector, can be integrated on the motherboard or connected through expansion cards, external USB, or FireWire.
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33. Video Cards and Audio Output Devices – Audio Output
Converts digital signals into sound
Provided by:
Speakers
Headphones
Provides audio connections for both:
Input devices
Output devices
Audio output comes through speakers and headphones, which convert digital signals into sound. Speakers can be integrated or connected to the speaker port on a sound card. Headphones can also be plugged directly into a computer’s headphone or speaker port.
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34. Compare Various Types of Printers
Learning Objective 4.6
Compare Various Types of Printers

35. Compare Various Types of Printers
Objective 6 compares various types of printers.
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36. Printers (1 of 4) Inkjet printer Photo printer
Sprays droplets of ink onto paper
Photo printer
Prints high-quality photos
There are many options for printers, and your choice should be based on your needs. Inkjet printers work by spraying droplets of ink onto paper. Photo printers are designed to print high-quality photos.
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37. Printers (2 of 4) Dye-sublimation printer Thermal
Uses heat to turn solid dye into a gas that is then transferred to special paper
Thermal
Heats specially coated heat-sensitive paper, which changes color when heat is applied
Dye-sublimation printers use heat to turn solid dye into a gas that’s then transferred to special paper, and thermal printers create an image by heating specially coated heat-sensitive paper, which changes color when heat is applied.
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38. Printers (3 of 4) Laser Plotter Multifunction
Uses a laser beam to draw an image on a drum
Plotter
Uses pens to draw an image on a roll of paper
Used to produce very large printouts
Multifunction
Has built-in scanner, fax, copy, and print capabilities
Laser printers use laser beams to draw an image on drums. Plotters, used to produce very large printouts, use pens to draw an image on a roll of paper. Multifunction printers can scan, fax, copy, and print documents.
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39. Printers (4 of 4) Three-dimensional (3D)
Creates objects such as prototypes and models by scanning an object or design using computer software
Creates the model by building layers of material
Used in:
Dental and medical imaging
Architecture
A 3D printer creates digital images, then creates prototypes and models by building layers of material such as paper, polymers, resin, or even metal.
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40. Explain and Provide Examples of Adaptive Technology
Learning Objective 4.7
Explain and Provide Examples of Adaptive Technology

41. Explain and Provide Examples of Adaptive Technology
Objective 7 will explain and provide examples of adaptive technology.
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42. Adaptive Technology Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) -1990
Requires employers with 15 or more employees to make reasonable accommodations for disabled employees
Assistive technology
Used by individuals with disabilities to interact with technology
Includes both hardware and software
Modern operating systems include accessibility settings
The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 requires employers with 15 or more employees to make reasonable accommodations, adjustments, or modifications to enable people with disabilities to enjoy equal employment opportunities.
Assistive technology, also referred to as adaptive technology, is used by individuals with disabilities to interact with technology. Adaptive technologies can incorporate hardware and software. Modern operating systems include accessibility settings that you can personalize.
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43. Adaptive Technology – Input Devices
Braille-writing devices
Eye-driven keyboards
Keyboards with locator dots or large-print key labels
On-screen keyboards
Voice-recognition software
Because of the ADA, many hardware and software vendors have developed adaptive technology. Adaptive input devices include Braille-writing devices, eye-driven keyboards, keyboards with locator dots, keyboards with large-print key labels, on-screen keyboards, and voice-recognition software.
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44. Adaptive Technology – Output Devices
Standard monitors can be adapted by magnifying the screen
Speech synthesis screen-reader software and audio alerts
Closed captions and visual notifications
Braille embossers translate text to Braille
Adaptive output devices include standard monitors with magnified screens, speech synthesis screen-reader software, closed captions, visual notifications, and Braille embossers.
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45. Discuss Communication Devices
Learning Objective 4.8
Discuss Communication Devices

46. Discuss Communication Devices
Objective 8 will discuss important communication devices.
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47. Communication Devices – Network Adapters, Modems, and Fax Devices (1 of 3)
Function as both input and output devices
Allow you to connect to other devices on a network or the Internet
Examples
Network adapters
Modems
Fax machines
Communication devices function as both input and output devices and allow you to connect to other devices on a network or the Internet. Devices in this category include network adapters, modems, and fax devices.
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48. Communication Devices – Network Adapters, Modems, and Fax Devices (2 of 3)
Onboard expansion card or USB device
Wired or wireless
Modems
Connect a computer to a telephone line
Used for dial-up Internet access
Communication devices include network adapters and modems. Network adapters are used to establish connections to networks. They are also called network interface cards (NICs), may be an onboard expansion card or USB device, and may be wired or wireless. Modems are used to connect a computer to a telephone line and most often used for dial-up Internet access.
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49. Communication Devices – Network Adapters, Modems, and Fax Devices (3 of 3)
Stand-alone or part of a multifunction device
Scan a document and convert it into digital format that can be transmitted over telephone lines
Fax devices can be stand-alone or part of a multifunction device. Fax devices scan a document and convert it into digital format that can be transmitted over telephone lines.
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50. Questions
Are there any questions?

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