1. The Power of the Situation
We just learned about how social conditions affect human behavior, thoughts, and feelings
Social influence and obedience affected how people responded to the Asch “line experiment” and the Milgram “obedience study”
Now we will discuss *why* the situation can influence us by learning about the “Stanford Prison Experiment”

2. Stanford Prison Experiment: some background information
Conducted in 1971 by Philip Zimbardo and others in the basement of the Stanford Psychology Department.
Volunteers were randomly assigned to play the role of guards and prisoners in a mock prison in the basement.
Both prisoners and guards rapidly adapted to their assigned roles, and lead to genuinely dangerous and psychologically damaging situations

3. Stanford Prison Experiment: What would you have done?
If you were a prisoner, how would you have acted?
If you were a guard, how would you have acted?
After the study, how do you think the prisoners and guards felt when they saw each other in the same civilian clothes again?

4. Stanford Prison Experiment: Criticisms of the experiment
Unethical
Unscientific
No scientific controls because it was a field experiment
Small sample size of 24, but really just 1 group so N=1
Conclusions and observations were anecdotal
Participants acted how they were expected to behave
Zimbardo gave guards no rules, said they could “create fear”
Zimbardo admitted he was not a neutral observer but acted like a “superintendent” who enabled the bad behavior

5. Stanford Prison Experiment: A replication?
In 2002 two psychologists from England conducted a partial replication with the assistance of the BBC who broadcast scenes from the study as a reality TV program called The Experiment.
Their results and conclusions were very different from Zimbardo's

6. BBC “The Experiment How was it similar to Zimbardo’s study?
Randomly selected volunteers assigned to “guards” and “prisoners”
Mock prison created in the George Lucas soundstage in London.
End early (ended two days earlier than planned)

7. BBC “The Experiment” How did it differ from Zimbardo’s study?
Psychologists only observers, not involved
“Guards” were given guidelines and instructions
Very different results
Guards were not sadistic or abusive, made peace with prisoners
Some guards were “repelled” by the situation, two left in “disgust”
What does this imply about Zimbardo study?
What does this imply about human nature?

8. Abu Ghraib prison
What do these experiments tell us about what happened at Abu Ghraib prison?
Did the power of the situation influence the guards?
Were there other factors involved?

9. Attitudes and Persuasion
An Attitude is a like or dislike that influences our behavior toward a person or thing.
Persuasion refers to any attempt to change your attitudes and thus your behavior.
People’s attitudes tend to fall along a continuum from weak (easily changed) to strong (highly resistant)
How do you change people’s attitudes?

10. Attitudes and Persuasion
A person is more likely to change YOUR attitudes when…
Person variables:
The message is highly important to you
Your mood
Situation variables:
Perceived similarity between the speaker and you
Perception that idea is approved or endorsed by a respected group

11. Attitudes and Persuasion
Heightened resistance
What if people know they are about to hear an argument with which they will most likely disagree?
Telling them that this is the case will increase the likelihood that they will reject the argument (the Forewarning Effect).
Presenting a weak version of an argument and following it with a stronger version increases the chance that the strong one will be rejected also (the Inoculation Effect).

12. Cognitive Dissonance
Cognitive dissonance is a psychological term which describes the uncomfortable tension that comes from holding two conflicting thoughts at the same time.
To reduce dissonance, people modify one of the two thoughts, or invent new thoughts