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2. Section 1: Deviance and Social Control
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Section 1: Deviance and Social Control
Section 2: Functionalism and deviance
Section 3: Symbolic Interactionism and Deviance
Section 4: Conflict Theory and Deviance
Section 5: Crime and Punishment
Chapter Menu

3. Chapter Preview · Section 1
Deviance and Social Control (pages 204–208)
Deviance is the violation of social norms. It is difficult to define because not everyone agrees on what should be considered deviant behavior.
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4. Chapter Preview · Section 2
Functionalism and Deviance (pages 209–213)
According to functionalists, deviance has both negative and positive consequences for society. Functionalism also forms the basis for two important theories of deviance: strain theory and control theory.
Chapter Preview 2

5. Chapter Preview · Section 3
Symbolic Interactionism and Deviance (pages 214–217)
The symbolic interactionist perspective yields two theories of deviance. We learned in Chapter 3 that culture is learned. Sociologists believe that deviance is also culturally transmitted. Labeling theory holds that an act is deviant only if other people deem it so.
Chapter Preview 3

6. Chapter Preview · Section 4
Conflict Theory and Deviance (pages 218–223)
The conflict perspective looks at deviance in terms of social inequality and power. The most powerful members of a society determine who is regarded as a deviant. Conflict theorists point out the relationship between minorities and crime.
Chapter Preview 4

7. Chapter Preview · Section 5
Crime and Punishment (pages 224–232)
Crime statistics in the U.S. come from two major sources: the FBI and the Census Bureau. Four approaches to crime control are deterrence, retribution, incarceration, and rehabilitation.
Chapter Preview 5

8. Chapter Preview-End

9. Deviance is the violation of social norms
Deviance is the violation of social norms. It is difficult to define because not everyone agrees on what should be considered deviant behavior.
Section 1-Preview

10. deviance negative deviance positive deviance deviant social control
social sanctions
Section 1-Key Terms

11. Section 1-Polling Question
Do you think all illegal activity is deviant behavior?
A. Strongly agree
B. Somewhat agree
C. Somewhat disagree
D. Disagree A B C D
Section 1-Polling Question

12. The Nature of Deviance
The term deviance refers to behavior that departs from societal or group norms.
It is a subjective term, or a matter of social definition.
Section 1

13. The Nature of Deviance (cont.)
Negative deviance involves behavior that fails to meet accepted norms.
Positive deviance involves overconformity to norms, which leads to imbalance and extremes of perfectionism.
Two Types of Youth Deviance
Section 1

14. The Nature of Deviance (cont.)
A deviant is a person who has violated one or more of society’s most highly valued norms.
Section 1

15. Is constantly washing your hands a positive or negative deviance?
B. Negative
C. Both
D. Neither A B C D
Section 1

16. Social Control
Without social control—ways to promote conformity to norms—social life would be unpredictable, even chaotic.
Section 1

17. Social Control (cont.) Types of social control:
Internal social control lies within the individual; we know the difference between right and wrong due to the socialization process.
External social control is based on sanctions (formal and informal)—rewards or punishments designed to encourage desired behavior.
Section 1

18. Social Control (cont.)
Social sanctions are rewards or punishments designed to encourage desired behavior.
There are both positive and negative sanctions.
Violent Crime
Section 1

19. Which is a formal negative sanction? A. Gossip B. Ridicule
C. Smiling at someone
D. Imprisonment A B C D
Section 1

20. Section 1-End

21. According to functionalists, deviance has both negative and positive consequences for society. Functionalism also forms the basis for two important theories of deviance: strain theory and control theory.
Section 2-Preview

22. anomie
strain theory
control theory
Section 2-Key Terms

23. Section-Polling Question
Do you agree that deviance can have positive effects on society?
A. Agree
B. Disagree
C. Not sure A B C
Section-Polling Question

24. Costs and Benefits of Deviance
Negative effects of deviance:
It erodes trust.
It can cause nonconforming behavior in others.
It is expensive.
Section 2

25. Costs and Benefits of Deviance (cont.)
It clarifies norms by exercising social control to defend its values.
It can be a temporary safety valve or relieve societal pressures.
It increases unity within a society or group.
It promotes needed social change.
Section 2

26. Do you use any of the following as a way to relieve pressure from authority figures?
A. Listen to music
B. Wear unique clothes
C. Watch television
D. Other A B C D
Section 2

27. Strain Theory
Anomie is a social condition in which norms are weak, conflicting, or absent.
Section 2

28. Strain Theory (cont.)
Strain theory is most likely to occur when there is a gap between culturally desirable goals, such as money and prestige, and a legitimate way of obtaining them.
Conformity is when people accept the goal and the means to achieve it.
Merton’s Strain Theory
Section 2

29. Strain Theory (cont.)
These four responses to strain are considered deviant even though they might display conformity:
Innovation—illegal means used to achieve success
Ritualism—success rejected, but legitimate means still used
Section 2

30. Strain Theory (cont.) Retreatism—both goals and means rejected
Rebellion—rejected goals and means, but a new set of goals and means formed
Section 2

31. Which of the following is the most widespread response to strain?
A. Innovation
B. Ritualism
C. Retreatism
D. Rebellion A B C D
Section 2

32. Control Theory
According to Travis Hirschi’s control theory, conformity to social norms depends on the presence of strong bonds between individuals and society.
Section 2

33. Control Theory (cont.) The social bond has four basic components:
Attachment
Commitment
Involvement
Belief
Section 2

34. Which basic element of social bonds do you think is most prevalent for conformity to social norms?
A. Attachment
B. Commitment
C. Involvement
D. Belief A B C D
Section 2

35. Section 2-End

36. The symbolic interactionist perspective yields two theories of deviance. We read in Chapter 3 that culture is learned. Sociologists believe that deviance is a learned behavior that is culturally transmitted. Labeling theory holds that an act is deviant on if other people name it so.
Section 3-Preview

37. differential association theory labeling theory primary deviance
secondary deviance
stigma
Section 3-Key Terms

38. Section 3-Polling Question
Do you think petty theft is deviant behavior?
A. Yes
B. No
C. Not sure A B C
Section 3-Polling Question

39. Differential Association Theory
Differential association theory emphasizes the role of primary groups in transmitting deviance.
Section 3

40. Differential Association Theory (cont.)
Three characteristics affect differential association:
A person who spends considerable time with deviants is more likely to learn deviant behavior.
A person is more likely to copy deviant behavior from a significant other than from people less important to him or her.
Section 3

41. Differential Association Theory (cont.)
Younger children learn deviant behavior more quickly than older children.
Section 3

42. A. The ration of deviant to nondeviant individuals
Which characteristic do you think is most responsible for deviant behavior?
A. The ration of deviant to nondeviant individuals
B. Whether the deviant behavior is practiced by significant others
C. The age of exposure A B C
Section 3

43. Labeling Theory
Labeling theory explains why deviance is relative. Sometimes, if two people break the same norm, only one may be labeled a deviant.
Deviant behaviors are always a matter of social definition; they are relative.
Section 3

44. Labeling Theory (cont.)
Primary deviance is when a person engages only in isolated acts of deviance.
Secondary deviance refers to deviance as a lifestyle and as a personal identity.
Section 3

45. Labeling Theory (cont.)
Labeling has negative effects:
Stigma—an undesirable characteristic or label used by others to deny the deviant full social acceptance.
Section 3

46. Where do you think the majority of responsibility should be given to in the example of teenage pregnancy?
A. Female
B. Male
C. Both
D. Society A B C D
Section 3

47. Section 3-End

48. The conflict perspective looks at deviance in terms of social inequality and power. The most powerful members of a society determine who will be regarded as a deviant. Conflict theorists point to some disproportional statistical relationships between minorities and crime.
Section 4-Preview

49. victim discounting
white-collar crime
Section 4-Key Terms

50. Section 4-Polling Question
Do you think a suspect’s race is likely to have an impact on their treatment in the criminal justice system?
A. Yes
B. No
C. Not sure A B C
Section 4-Polling Question

51. Deviance in Industrial Society
From the conflict perspective, deviance in an industrial society is behavior that those in control see as threatening to their interests.
Deviance
Section 4

52. Deviance in Industrial Society (cont.)
The following are considered deviants in an industrial society:
Critics of an industrial society.
Those who will not work.
Those who threaten private property.
Those who show a lack of respect for authority.
Section 4

53. Deviance in Industrial Society (cont.)
The following is encouraged:
Certain activities, such as violence in sports, depending on how well they fit within the industrial society.
Section 4

54. A B C Whom do you think suffers the most due to social inequities?
A. African Americans
B. Poor people
C. Hispanics A B C
Section 4

55. Race, Ethnicity, and Crime
Supporters of the conflict perspective believe that minorities receive unequal treatment in the American criminal justice system.
Section 4

56. Race, Ethnicity, and Crime (cont.)
Reasons for unequal treatment:
Minorities generally do not have the economic resources to buy good legal advice.
Crimes against whites tend to be punished more severely than crimes against minorities.
Section 4

57. Race, Ethnicity, and Crime (cont.)
Victim discounting is the process of reducing the seriousness of the crimes that injure people of lower status.
Section 4

58. What percent of inmates under the death penalty are African Americans?
B. 23
C. 36
D. 42 A B C D
Section 4

59. White-Collar Crime
White-collar crime is any crime committed by respectable and high-status people in the course of their occupations.
These people tend to be treated more leniently than other criminals.
Section 4

60. How many months was Martha Stewart sentenced to for obstructing an investigation into illegal stock trading?
A. 5 months
B. 12 months
C. 18 months
D. 24 months A B C D
Section 4

61. Section 4-End

62. Crime statistics in the U. S
Crime statistics in the U.S. come from two major sources: the FBI and the Census Bureau. Differences in statistics between the two agencies are due to differences in methods of collecting data. Four approaches to crime control are deterrence, retribution, incarceration, and rehabilitation.
Section 5-Preview

63. criminal justice system deterrence retribution incarceration
crime
criminal justice system
deterrence
retribution
incarceration
rehabilitation
recidivism
Section 5-Key Terms

64. Section 5-Polling Question
Which violent crime do you think is the worst?
A. Murder
B. Forcible rape
C. Aggravated assault A B C
Section 5-Polling Question

65. Measurement of Crime
Crime—acts in violation of statute law—is widespread in the United States.
The major source of American crime statistics is the Federal Bureau of Investigation’s Uniform Crime Reports.
FBI’s Crime Clock: 2003
Crimes in the United States, 2003
Section 5

66. Measurement of Crime (cont.)
Nine types of crime are tracked:
Murder
Forcible rape
Robbery
Aggravated assault
Burglary
Types of Crimes Americans Commit
Section 5

67. Measurement of Crime (cont.)
Larceny-theft
Motor vehicle theft
Arson
Hate crimes
Types of Crimes Americans Commit
Section 5

68. Measurement of Crime (cont.)
The UCR statistics are reliable in the fact that experienced police officers decide which incidents should be reported.
Section 5

69. Measurement of Crime (cont.)
The limitations are as follows:
The lower classes are overrepresented.
Smaller crimes are not as likely to be reported.
Prostitutes and intoxicated persons can easily hide.
Section 5

70. Measurement of Crime (cont.)
About two-thirds of crimes are not reported at all.
Crime reporting varies, and white-collar offenders are seldom included.
Section 5

71. Measurement of Crime (cont.)
The National Crime Victimization Survey was launched in the 1970s in response to the aforementioned limitations.
Section 5

72. Measurement of Crime (cont.)
Two advantages to the NCVS:
It helps make up for underreporting of crime.
Its surveys are more scientifically sound.
Section 5

73. A B C In the U.S., how often is a murder committed? A. Every 6 minutes
B. Every 32 minutes
C. Every 50 minutes A B C
Section 5

74. Juvenile Crime
Juvenile crime refers to legal violations among those under 18 years of age.
Juvenile offenders are the third largest category of criminals in the U.S.
Violent juvenile crime reached its lowest level in a decade in 2003.
Juvenile Arrests in the United States, 2003
Section 5

75. Juvenile Crime (cont.) Reasons:
A decline in the demand for crack cocaine.
Remaining crack gangs that provided guns to juveniles have reached truces.
Repeat violent offenders have been given stiffer sentences.
Police are cracking down on illegal guns on the street.
Section 5

76. What do you think is the main reason juvenile crime has gone down?
A. Decline in demand for crack cocaine
B. Gang truces
C. Stiffer sentences for repeat offenders
D. More police enforcement A B C D
Section 5

77. Approaches to Crime Control
The criminal justice system is made up of the institutions and processes responsible for enforcing criminal statutes.
Police, courts, and the correctional system comprise the criminal justice system.
Section 5

78. Approaches to Crime Control (cont.)
Deterrence—threat of punishment used to discourage criminal actions.
Deterrence works if the lawbreakers know:
they are likely to get caught
the punishment will be severe
Section 5

79. Approaches to Crime Control (cont.)
Capital punishment is not an effective deterrent, but most people still tend to support it.
Death Penalty Policy
Section 5

80. Approaches to Crime Control (cont.)
Retribution—a type of punishment intended to make criminals pay compensation for their acts.
Incarceration—keeping criminals in prisons.
Top Ten Countries in Number of Prisoners
Section 5

81. Approaches to Crime Control (cont.)
Rehabilitation—an approach to crime control that attempts to resocialize criminals.
However, there is a high rate of recidivism, or a repetition of or return to criminal behavior.
Section 5

82. Approaches to Crime Control (cont.)
Reasons for recidivism:
The basic nature of the offender
Influences of more hardened criminals
The stigma of being an ex-convict
Section 5

83. Approaches to Crime Control (cont.)
Some alternatives to rehabilitation in prisons:
A combination of prison and probation, or shock probation
Community-based programs
Diversion strategy
Section 5

84. Which approach to crime control do you think is most effective?
A. Deterrence
B. Retribution
C. Incarceration
D. Rehabilitation A B C D
Section 5

85. Section 5-End

86. Two Types of Youth Deviance
Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Healthy Youth!” (2004).
Figure 7.1

87. Figure 7.2

88. Title
Figure 7.3

89. FBI’s Crime Clock: 2003 How often do American’s commit crimes?
Source: Federal Bureau of Investigation, Uniform Crime Reports, 2003.
Figure 7.4

90. Crimes in the United States, 2003
Source: Federal Bureau of Investigation, Uniform Crime Reports, 2003.
Figure 7.5

91. Types of Crimes Americans Commit
Source: Federal Bureau of Investigation, Uniform Crime Reports, 2003.
Figure 7.6

92. Juvenile Arrests in the United States, 2003
Source: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, 2005.
Figure 7.7

93. Top Ten Countries in Number of Prisoners
Source: British Home Office Online Research and Development Statistics, 2004.
Figure 7.8

94. Violent Crime Snapshot
Source: Federal Bureau of Investigations, Uniform Crime Reports, 2003.
Snapshot

95. Death Penalty Policy World View
Source: Amnesty International Online, 2005.
World View

96. Sociology Chapter Transparencies
Distribution of Deviance Curve
Major Assumptions of Labeling Theory
Control Theory
Strain Theory
Juvenile and Adult Crime Labels
Violence and Guns
Who’s on Death Row?
Annual Application of Capital Punishment
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97. Transparency 1

98. Transparency 2

99. Transparency 3

100. Transparency 4

101. Transparency 5

102. Transparency 6

103. Transparency 7

104. Transparency 8

105. deviance
behavior that departs from societal or group norms
Vocab 1

106. negative deviance
involves behavior that under-conforms to accepted norms
Vocab 2

107. positive deviance
involves behavior that over-conforms to social expectation
Vocab 3

108. deviant a person who breaks significant societal or group norms
Vocab 4

109. social control
ways to encourage conformity to society’s norms
Vocab 5

110. social sanctions
rewards or punishments that encourage conformity to social norms
Vocab 6

111. anomie
a social condition in which norms are weak, conflicting, or absent
Vocab 7

112. strain theory
theory that deviance is more likely to occur when a gap exists between cultural goals and the ability to achieve these goals by legitimate means
Vocab 8

113. control theory
theory that compliance with social norms requires strong bonds between individuals and society
Vocab 9

114. differential association theory
theory that individuals learn deviance in proportion to the number of deviant acts they are exposed to
Vocab 10

115. labeling theory
theory that society creates deviance by identifying particular members as deviant
Vocab 11

116. primary deviance
deviance involving occasional breaking of norms that is not a part of a person’s lifestyle or self-concept
Vocab 12

117. secondary deviance
deviance in which an individual’s life and identity are organized around breaking society’s norms
Vocab 13

118. stigma
an undesirable trait or label that is used to characterize an individual
Vocab 14

119. victim discounting
process of reducing the seriousness of the crimes that injure people of lower status
Vocab 15

120. white-collar crime job-related crimes committed by high-status people
Vocab 16

121. crime
acts committed in violation of the law
Vocab 17

122. criminal justice system
system comprising institutions and processes responsible for enforcing criminal statutes
Vocab 18

123. deterrence discouraging criminal acts by threatening punishment
Vocab 19

124. retribution
punishment intended to make criminals pay compensation for their acts
Vocab 20

125. incarceration
a method of protecting society from criminals by keeping them in prisons
Vocab 21

126. rehabilitation
process of changing or reforming a criminal through socialization
Vocab 22

127. recidivism
a repetition of or return to criminal behavior
Vocab 23

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