1. Normalized bubble chart for Data in the Instructor’s View
Standard fee
Course + Date
Text book
Participant
Title
Grade
Organization

2. Normalized bubble chart
View Integration
Techniques are available for integrating bubble charts representing individual user views into a composite logical schema of all data items contained in the various views.
Detailed description of view integration using bubble charts was given by Martin 1983.
The integrated view of the participant’s bubble chart and the instructor’s bubble chart is shown on next slide

3. Bubble Chart integrating the instructor’s view and the course promoter’s view
High degree
university
year
Course + Date
Text book
Overall rating
fee
Participant
Grade
Title
Organization
City
street
zip
Prospect
Title

4. Bubble Chart integrating the instructor’s view and the course promoter’s view
If these were the only two views in the module, then this would be one form of logical schema for the database, because it contains all data elements and relationships necessary to support the user view in the module. Furthermore, all necessary redundancies have been eliminated.
This is the minimal set of data elements and relationships necessary to support the individual user views.

5. Elements of Database Systems
Physical design:
The last step of the database design process is physical design.
Physical design involves
converting the software schema into a form implementable with the organization’s particular hardware, operating system and database management system
Designing navigation path
Deciding which records to place in nearby portions of the storage devices
Determining the size of physical records on storage devices but buffer areas in main memory to hold records
Implementing integrity and security requirements.

6. Other database Techniques & Procedures
It includes procedures for
Analysing
Implementing
And operating system
Designing and documenting program
Training users

7. Databases Databases are Integrated Shared collections of files
Stored on these devices of the organizations computer system
The way the data is organized and stored on these devices is referred to as its physical organization
In terms of logical organization. There are many different ways that databases can be organized

8. Software
There are three different kinds of software involved in most database systems
Database management packages
Operating system
Applications program
Most DBM packages use the basic access methods of the host operating system to perform the necessary input-output operations on the data files themselves

9. Database Management Systems
The minimum components of a package that could truly be called a DBMS are
Data dictionary
Data definition language
Query languages
Data manipulation language
Report generator language
Features to support data integrity
Security, privacy, recovery

10. Database Management System
Data Dictionary
Is used to maintain standard definitions of all data items within the scope of the DB system
The purpose of DD is to enforce standard definitions of the data resources of the organization.
Definition includes a precise description of the meaning of a data item name and a precise description of how values of each data item are stored in the computer system.

11. Database Management System
Data Dictionary
Functions of DD
Maintaining standard user definitions of the precise meaning of data items and data types
Maintaining cross reference list of data items used
Providing standard definitions of data items to applications programs
Examples
Name structure
Last name datatype is text and size is 15 characters
First name dtatype is text and size is 10 characters
Address copy from
Dept code data type is unsigned numeric size is 3 dig

12. Database Management Systems
Data Definition Languages
Is used to translate the logical schema into a software schema for the DBM package in use
Defined by CODASYL committee
Two languages were defined
DDL
SQL

13. Database Management systems
Query Languages
SQL
Fourth Generation languages
Binary
Assembly
COBOL
FORTRAN
PASCAL

14. People: The Most important Element
The primary concerns of Users
User views of Data & information
The Role of Top Management
The Systems Staff and its Role
The Manager of Information Resource
Information Analyst
Database Analyst
The User’s View
Database application programmer
Database Administrator
A comment on sharing Role

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