1. By Qassim AI-abody Master in adult nursing
Anemia By
Qassim AI-abody
Master in adult nursing

2. What is Anemia ?
is a condition in which the number of red blood cells or the amount of hemoglobin (the protein that carries oxygen in them) is low.

3. What is r b c ?
Normally, red blood cells live about 120 days. Scavenger cells in the bone marrow, spleen, and liver detect and destroy red blood cells that are near or beyond their usual life span. If red blood cells are destroyed prematurely (hemolysis),

4. Cause of anemia? 1- Blood loss (excessive bleeding)
Suddenly bleeding, as an injury or surgery
Gradually bleeding as peptic ulcer or heavy menstrual periods
2- Inadequate production of red blood cells
leukemia, lymphoma, or metastatic cancer
Imbalance of hormones, as erythropoietin 
Nutrients deficiency. As iron, vitamin B12 and folic acid

5. Cause of anemia? 1- Excessive destruction of red blood cells
Enlarged spleen traps and destroys too many red blood cells.
Abnormalities blood vessels as an aneurysm artificial or damaged heart valve cause destroy R.B.C
Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, is immune system destroys R.B.C. Hemoglobin from these damaged cells is concentrated in urine during the night, resulting in dark, reddish urine in the morning.

6. Cause of anemia?
D- Hereditary spherocytosis :- red blood cells become misshapen and rigid and destroyed in the spleen
E- Hereditary elliptocytosis :- red blood cells become oval or elliptical in shape lead to desrtoy.
F- Red blood cell enzyme abnormalities as Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency making cells more fragile.
G- Pyruvate kinase (PK) deficiency, which is usually present at birth (congenital), also makes red blood cells more fragile.

7. What Are The Symptoms ? Symptoms may include.. Fatigue Weakness
Chest pain
Shortness of breath
Cold feet and fingers
Fast or irregular heartbeat
Pale skin

8. Evaluating the Patient with Anemia (diagnosis)
Hematology:- Check
1- Hemoglobin/
-If female, is Hgb 12-14
If male, is Hgb 14-16
2- red blood count
3- bone marrow aspiration
4- blood film
5- pcv or hct

9. Treating Anemia with Folk Medicine
chiretta
gentian
nettle
wormwood

10. Treating Anemia with Scientific Medicine
epoetin
felbamate
ribavirin
alfa
rebetol

11. Hemophilia Definition
Is an inherited bleeding disorder in which there is a deficiency or lack of clotting factors
Types of hemophilia
Hemophilia A –most common types cause by deficiency of factor Vlll
Hemophilia B –deficiency of factor lV

12. Cause of hemophilia
Inherited as x –linked recessive trait, primarily by males
Asymptomatic mothers and sisters as carries

13. Assessment findings Large spreading bruise
Prolonged or spontaneous bleeding episodes
Bleeding into muscles, joints and soft tissues after minimal trauma
Pain in joint
Joint swelling and limited ROM
Recurrent joint hemorrhage
Spontaneous hematurea
Spontaneous GI bleeding

14. Diagnostic test findings
Hemophilia A
Factor vlll:25% or less normal
PTT :prolonged
Platelet count and function bleeding time
Hemophilia B
Factor lX : deficient
Coagulation factors similar to hemophilia A
Factor Vlll : normal

15. Medical management Stop the bleeding by administering clotting factors
Homeostatic cryoprecipitated antihemophilia (hemophilia A and B)
Activity :guided by degree of factor deficiency
Monitoring vital signs and laboratory study
Antifibrinolytics : aminocaproic and tranexamic
Vasopressor as demopressim
Analgesics : acetaminophen

16. Complications of hemophilia
Infection
Shock
Hemorrhage
Sensitization to antihemolytic factor