1. Lesson objectives List and label the bones that make up the skull
List and label the bones that make up the axial skeleton
List and label the bones that make up the appendicular skeleton
Describe the structure and functions of the skeleton

2. The Skull There are 22 bones in the skull 8 cranial 14 facial
These bones protect the brain
They also provide a surface for muscle attachment

3. Cranial Bones 1 x Ethmoid Bone 1 x Frontal Bone 1 x Occipital Bone
2 x Parietal Bones
1 x Sphenoid Bone
2 x Temporal Bones

4. Facial Bones 2x Turbinate Bones 2x Lacrimal Bones 1x Mandible
2x Maxillae (Singular = Maxilla)
2x Nasal Bones
2x Palatine Bones
1x Vomer
2x Zygomatic Bones

5. Side View of Skull

6. Front View of Skull Frontal Bone Nasal Bone Lacrimal Bone Ethmoid Bone
Vomer Bone
Turbinate Bone

7. Palatine Bones
The palatine bone forms part of the nasal cavity and hard palate

8. Palatine Bones
Palatine Bone

9. Sphenoid Bone
A bone which forms the base of the cranium, behind the eye and below the front part of the brain
It has two pairs of broad lateral ‘wings’ and a number of other projections, and contains two air-filled sinuses

10. Sphenoid Bone

11. Ethmoid Bone
This is an unpaired bone in the skull that separates the nasal cavity from the brain
It is located at the roof of the nose, between the two orbits

12. Ethmoid Bone

13. Lacrimal Bones
Two small bones which form part of the eye sockets

14. Lacrimal Bones

15. Vomer Bone The vomer is one of the unpaired facial bones of the skull
It is located in the midsagittal line, and joins with the sphenoid, the ethmoid, the left and right palatine bones, and the left and right maxillary bones

16. Vomer Bone

17. Structure of Skeletal System
Human skeleton is made up of 206 bones
Babies born with over 300 bones
Bones fuse together over time
Bone is pound for pound stronger than steel

19. Structure of Skeletal System
Human skeleton is made up of 206 bones
Babies born with over 300 bones
Bones fuse together over time
Bone is pound for pound stronger than steel

20. Axial Skeleton
Forms the core of the body
Skull
Spine
Sternum
Ribs

21. The Spine/Vertebral Column
Provides support
Protects spinal cord
Comprises 33 bones
7 cervical - top
12 Thoracic - middle
5 Lumbar - bottom
5 Sacrum
4 Coccyx
Sacrum and coccyx are fused, no movement
24 moveable bones

22. The Spine/Vertebral Column

23. Thoracic Cage Consists of the ribs, sternum and thoracic vertebrae
Protects heart and lungs
12 pairs of ribs
7 true pairs attached to sternum
3 false ribs attached to cartilage of the 7th rib
2 pairs not attached (floating ribs)

24. Thoracic Cage

25. Appendicular Skeleton
Shoulder girdle
Upper Limbs
Lower Limbs
Pelvic girdle

26. Shoulder Girdle

28. A = Scaphoid B = Lunate C = Triquetral D = Pisiform
E = Trapezium F = Trapezoid G = Capitate H = Hamate

29. Bones of Wrist 8 bones S = Sally - Scaphoid L = Left - Lunate
T = The - Triquetral/Triquetrum
P = Party - Pisiform
T = To - Trapezium
T = Take - Trapezoid
C = Cathy - Capitate
H = Home - Hamate

31. Pelvic Girdle Two hip bones joined together
The each hip bone consists of three different bones:
Ilium
Ischium
Pubis

32. Pelvic Girdle

33. Pelvic Girdle

34. Functions of Skeletal System
The skeletal system has 7 major functions:
Movement
Support
Shape
Protection
Muscle attachments
Formation of blood cells
Mineral storage

35. Muscle Attachment and Movement
Muscles attach to bone by tendons
Muscles contract
Bones act as levers and help movement

36. Support and Shape Holds weight of the body
Wouldn’t be able to stand up
Bones gives shape to structures – skull, ribs etc.

37. Protection Helps protect body vital organs and structures
Ribs – heart and lungs
Cranium – brain
Vertebrae – spinal cord

38. Formation of Blood Cells & Mineral Storage
Important minerals (calcium) stored in bone marrow
Blood cells created in bone marrow

39. Structure of Bone Bone is made from special cells Osteoblasts
Different types of bone tissue:
Compact
Cancellous or Spongy bone
Marrow

40. Compact Bone Gives bones hardness Protects spongy bone
Provides framework for the bone and body

41. Cancellous/Spongy Bone
Lighter in weight than compact bone
Sponge-like appearance
Web like structure, consists of red bone marrow
Contains blood vessels which carry oxygen and nutrients

42. Bone Marrow Found inside bone
Main function is the production of blood cells
Two different types:
Red bone marrow
Yellow bone marrow

43. Red Bone Marrow Responsible for producing blood cells
Babies bones made up of mostly red marrow
Within a few years red marrow will change to yellow marrow
Mainly found in flat, irregular and sesamoid bones

44. Yellow Bone Marrow Consists mainly of fat cells
Can be used as energy in extreme starvation conditions
Can be converted into red marrow within 2 hours

45. Bone Types
Long
Short
Flat
Irregular
Sesamoid

46. Long Bones Characterised by a shaft Longer than they are wide
Made of mostly compact
bone with little spongy bone
Usually found in the limbs,
fingers and toes

47. Short Bones Usually more cube shaped Thin layer of compact bone
covering more spongy bone
Usually found in the wrist
and ankle

48. Flat Bones Thin, usually curved bones Two thin parallel layers of
compact bone sandwiching
a layer of spongy bone
Found in the skull, scapula
and sternum

49. Irregular Bones Thin layer of compact bone surrounding spongy bone
Irregular shape
Can be found in the vertebrae

50. Sesamoid Bones Bones embedded in tendons Increase the distance between
a tendon and a joint
Increase the leverage of the
muscle
Example - Patella