1. Temperature and Heat 4.1 Temperature depends on particle movement. 4.2
CHAPTER
NEW CHAPTER
Temperature and Heat
the BIG idea
Heat is a flow of energy due to temperature differences.
4.1
Temperature depends on particle movement.
4.2
Energy flows from warmer to cooler objects.
4.3
The transfer of energy as heat can be controlled.
CHAPTER OUTLINE
CHAPTER RESOURCES

2. 4.1 Temperature depends on particle movement.
• All particles in matter have kinetic energy.
• Temperature is the measure of the average kinetic energy of particles in an object.
kinetic theory of matter
• Temperature is commonly measured on the Fahrenheit or Celsius scales.
temperature
degree
• Particles in a warmer substance have a greater average kinetic energy than particles in a cooler substance.
thermometer
cold liquid
hot liquid
CHAPTER
RESOURCES
SECTION
OUTLINE

3. kinetic theory of matter
4.1
Temperature depends on particle movement.
kinetic theory of matter
kinetic theory of matter
temperature
A moving object has the most kinetic energy at the point where it moves the fastest.
degree
thermometer
CHAPTER
RESOURCES
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY

4. Temperature and Heat 4.1 Temperature depends on particle movement. 4.2
CHAPTER
NEW CHAPTER
Temperature and Heat
the BIG idea
Heat is a flow of energy due to temperature differences.
4.1
Temperature depends on particle movement.
4.2
Energy flows from warmer to cooler objects.
4.3
The transfer of energy as heat can be controlled.
CHAPTER OUTLINE
CHAPTER RESOURCES

5. Energy flows from warmer to cooler objects.
4.2
Energy flows from warmer to cooler objects.
• Heat is the flow of energy from an object at a higher temperature to an object at a lower temperature.
heat
• Different materials require different amounts of energy to change temperature.
thermal energy
calorie
• Energy is transferred from the warmer lemonade to the cold ice through heat.
joule
ice
heat
specific heat
CHAPTER
RESOURCES
SECTION
OUTLINE

6. 4.2 thermal energy Energy flows from warmer to cooler objects.
heat
thermal energy
thermal energy
The energy an object has due to the motion of its particles; the total amount of kinetic energy of particles in an object.
calorie
joule
specific heat
CHAPTER
RESOURCES
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY

7. The transfer of energy as heat can be controlled.
4.3
The transfer of energy as heat can be controlled.
• Energy can be transferred by conduction, convection, and radiation.
conduction •
conductor
insulator
Types of Energy Transfer
convection
Conduction
Convection
Radiation
radiation
• Energy transferred by direct contact
• Energy transferred by electromagnetic waves such as light, microwaves, and infrared radiation
• Occurs in gases and liquids
• Energy flows directly from warmer object to cooler object
• Movement of large number of particles in same direction
• All objects radiate energy
• Occurs due to difference in density
• Can occur within one object
• Can transfer energy through empty space
CHAPTER
RESOURCES
• Cycle occurs while temperature differences exist
• Continues until object temperatures are equal
SECTION
OUTLINE

9. represented by each thermometer?
Temperature Scales
Which scale is being
represented by each thermometer?
Water
boils
2120
1000
373
The
Kelvin
scale
does not
have negative
numbers
Room
temperature
680
200
293
Water
freezes
320 00
273
Fahrenheit
Celsius
Kelvin

10. 4.3 Different materials are used to control the transfer of energy.
The transfer of energy as heat can be controlled.
Different materials are used to control the transfer of energy.
conduction
conductor
conductor
1. A material that transfers energy easily.
insulator
2. A material that transfers electric charge easily.
convection
radiation
Insulator
1. A material that does not transfer heat or electricity easily.
CHAPTER
RESOURCES
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY

11. 4.3 insulator The transfer of energy as heat can be controlled.
conduction
insulator
conductor
1. A material that does not transfer energy easily.
insulator
convection
2. A material that does not transfer electric charge easily.
radiation
CHAPTER
RESOURCES
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY

12. 4.3 convection The transfer of energy as heat can be controlled.
conduction
convection
conductor
A process by which energy is transferred in gases and liquids, occurring when a warmer, less dense area of gas or liquid is pushed up by a cooler, more dense area of the gas or liquid.
insulator
convection
radiation
CHAPTER
RESOURCES
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY

13. 4.3 radiation The transfer of energy as heat can be controlled.
conduction
radiation
conductor
Energy that travels across distances in the form of electromagnetic waves.
insulator
convection
radiation
CHAPTER
RESOURCES
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY

14. 4.1 Temperature depends on particle movement.
I. Temperature depends on particle movement.
kinetic theory of matter
A. All matter is made of moving particles.
temperature
1. The Kinetic Theory of Matter
degree
2. Temperature and Kinetic Energy
thermometer
B. Temperature can be measured.
1. Temperature Scales
2. Thermometers
3. Thermal Expansion
CHAPTER
RESOURCES
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY

15. Energy flows from warmer to cooler objects.
4.2
Energy flows from warmer to cooler objects.
II. Energy flows from warmer to cooler objects.
heat
A. Heat is different from temperature.
thermal energy
1. Heat and Thermal Energy
calorie
2. Measuring Heat
joule
B. Some substances change temperature more easily than others.
specific heat
1. Specific Heat
2. Specific Heat and Mass
CHAPTER
RESOURCES
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY

16. The transfer of energy as heat can be controlled.
4.3
The transfer of energy as heat can be controlled.
III. The transfer of energy as heat can be controlled.
conduction
A. Energy moves as heat in three ways.
conductor
1. Conduction
insulator
2. Convection
convection
3. Radiation
radiation
B. Different materials are used to control the transfer of energy.
CHAPTER
RESOURCES
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY

17. Image Gallery Click on the icons to see a larger image or animation.
CHAPTER HOME
Image Gallery
Click on the icons to see a larger image or animation.
VISUALIZATION
Explore how temperature affects the speed of particles.
SIMULATION
Identify examples of conduction, convection, or radiation.

18. CHAPTER HOME
Image Gallery
BACK TO IMAGE GALLERY

19. CHAPTER HOME
Image Gallery
BACK TO IMAGE GALLERY

20. CHAPTER HOME
Image Gallery
BACK TO IMAGE GALLERY

21. CHAPTER HOME
Image Gallery
BACK TO IMAGE GALLERY

22. CHAPTER HOME
Image Gallery
BACK TO IMAGE GALLERY

23. Chapter Resources Click on the items below to access resources on
CHAPTER HOME
Chapter Resources
Image Gallery
Click here to review chapter
images and animations
Review Game
Play a fun interactive
review game
Animations
Link to all the McDougal
Littell Science animations
Click on the items below to access resources on
CLASSZONE.COM
Audio Readings
Hear chapter audio readings
Resource Centers
Get more information on select science
topics
Content Review
Review key concepts and vocabulary
Standardized Test Practice
Practice state standardized tests
Math Tutorial
Review math concepts
BACK TO CHAPTER