1. Chapter 3 – Anatomy
The Skeletal System

2. Structures and Functions
Consists of bones, bone marrow, cartilage, joints, ligaments, synovial membrane (and fluid), and bursa
Bones act as the body’s framework
They support and protect the internal organs
They work with muscle, ligament and tendon to create movement
Calcium is stored in bone
Red bone marrow creates blood cells

3. Bone Marrow
Red bone marrow is located in the spongy bone
It is hemopoietic – (hem/o = blood, poietic = pertaining to formation)
Red blood cells are formed in the spongy bone

4. Cartilage
Blue/white connective tissue that acts as a shock absorber between bone
Articular cartilage covers the surface of bones where they form joints
The meniscus is the curved cartilage found in some joints

5. Cartilage

6. Anatomic Landmarks of Bones
Diaphysis – long shaft of the bone
Epiphysis – the wide end of a long bone
Foramen – an opening in the bone where blood vessels, nerves, and ligaments may pass
Process – a normal projection on the surface of a bone where muscles and tendons may attach

7. Bone Parts

8. Joints Known as articulations The place of union between two bones
Classified by their construction
Also classified by their degree of movement

9. Fibrous Joints Known as sutures in adults Do not allow any movement
Connective tissue hold them tightly together
They may be moveable in infants and small children to allow for growth
Fontanells (soft spots) on the head of an infant are an example of this type of joint

10. Fibrous Joints

11. Consists of bones connected entirely by cartilage
Cartilaginous Joints
Allow slight movement
Consists of bones connected entirely by cartilage
Where the ribs connect to the sternum
The pubic symphysis (between the pubic bones)

12. Cartilaginous Joints

13. Synovial Joints
Where two bones articulate to permit a variety of movements
They include ball and socket and hinge joints
Synovial capsule - the sleeve that surrounds the joint
Synovial membrane – lines the capsule and secretes fluid
Synovial fluid – flows within the cavity and acts as a lubricant for smooth movement

14. Ligaments – connect bone to bone
Synovial Joints
Ligaments – connect bone to bone
Bursa – sacs or “pillows” that cushion and ease movement

15. Axial Skeleton (green)
THE SKELETON
Axial Skeleton (green)
Protects the major organs.
80 bones, including the skull.
Ribs, sternum, and vertebrae are also included.

16. THE SKELETON Appendicular Skeleton (red) Makes body movement possible.
126 bones; split into upper and lower extremities
The “appendages”

17. BONES OF THE SKULL The CRANIUM Crani means skull, um is a noun ending
Frontal bone forms the forehead
Parietal bones form the roof and upper sides
Occipital bone forms the posterior floor and walls
Temporal bones form the sides and base
Sphenoid bone forms parts of the base, floor and sides of the orbit
Ethmoid bone forms part of the posterior of the nose, the orbit, and the floor of the cranium

18. BONES OF THE SKULL

19. BONES OF THE SKULL

20. BONES OF THE SKULL Bones of the Face Nasal bones – nose bones
Zygomatic bones – cheek bones
Maxillary bones – upper jaw
Palatine bones – roof of the mouth; “palate”
Mandible – jaw bone

21. BONES OF THE SKULL

22. Thoracic Cavity Known as the RIB CAGE Ribs – called costals; 12 pair
First 7 are true ribs
Next 3 are false ribs
Last 2 are floating ribs
Sternum – known as the breastbone
Manubrium is the top part
The body of the sternum forms the middle
Xiphoid process is cartilage that forms the lower tip

23. Thoracic Cavity

24. The structure that supports the arms
The Shoulder
The structure that supports the arms
Clavicle – also known as the collar bone
Scapula – the shoulder blade
Acromion – the high point of the scapula where the clavicle attaches

25. The Shoulder

26. The Shoulder

27. The Arm Humerus – the bone of the upper arm
Radius – the smaller, shorter bone of the forearm on the thumb side
Unla – the longer forearm bone that joins the humerus to form the elbow joint

28. The Arm

29. Wrists, hands and fingers
Carpals – the 8 small bone that make up the wrist
Metacarpals – the 5 bones that form the palm and hand
Phalanges – the 14 bones of the fingers

30. Wrists, hands and fingers

31. Known as the vertebral column Supports the head and body
The Spinal Column
Known as the vertebral column
Supports the head and body
Consists of 26 vertebrae (a single segment of the spinal column)

32. The Spinal Column

33. The Spinal Column Vertebrae –
5 sections – Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coxyx
Has a body, a foramen, a lamina, a transverse process, and a spinous process

34. The Spinal Column

35. The Spinal Column Cervical vertebrae Thoracic vertebrae
form the neck
7 vertebrae
Thoracic vertebrae
Make up the torso
12 vertebrae
Lumbar – 5 vertebrae of the low back
Sacrum and Coccyx make up the connection to the pelvis

36. The Pelvic Girdle Consists of the pelvis and hips
Illium – broad blade shaped bone that forms the back and sides of the hips
Ischium – forms the lower posterior portion of the pubic bone
The pubis forms the anterior portion of the pubic bone
The sacroiliac joint is slightly moveable and is the connection of the spine to the pelvis
The acetabulum is the hip “socket” where the leg joins the body

37. The Pelvic Girdle

38. Legs and Knees

39. Legs and Knees The femur is the upper leg bone
It articulates with the acetabulum
It is “L” shaped at the head, forming the femoral neck
The knee is the articulation of joints that join the upper and lower leg
Consists of a tibial-femoral joint and a patello-femoral joint
The patella is the knee cap
The knee contains cruciate and co-lateral ligaments, and a meniscus

40. Legs and Knees

41. The Lower leg
The tibia, also known as the shinbone, is the larger, weight bearing bone in the lower leg
The fibula is the smaller, lateral bone
The distal heads of the tibia and fibula make up the maleoli.

42. The Ankle The ankle joins the foot with the lower leg
The tarsal bones, similar to the carpals of the wrist, are the talus and the calcaneus.
The talus articulates with the tibia and fibula to make the joint

43. Feet and Toes The five metatarsals form the mid foot area
The phalanges of the foot attach to the metatarsals

44. Feet and Toes

45. Anterior skeleton

46. Posterior Skeleton