1. 1.3: Skeleton and Joints Unit 1: Factors affecting performance
LS (Unit 1) Factors affecting performance 3. Skeleton and Joints ?

2. Learning Objectives By the end of these four lessons students should:
Describe the four functions of the skeleton; namely, shape and support, movement, protection and blood production.
Identify different types of joints e.g. ball and socket, hinge, gliding and pivot and specific ranges of movement e.g. flexion, extension, rotation, adduction and abduction.
Understand the importance of the skeleton for movement and participation in practical activities.
Assessment:
A*-C Grade = more in-depth answers and extension work
D-G Grade = answer most questions at foundation level
LS (Unit 1) Factors affecting performance 3. Skeleton and Joints

3. Activity Names those bones
Using appendix 1 and name all the major bones, use the Internet and your text book
PLAY CLIP
LS (Unit 1) Factors affecting performance 3. Skeleton and Joints

4. Quiz Quiz: Task 1: Function of the Skeleton
1. How my bones does a newborn baby have?
2. How many bones are in an adult human body?
3. How many bones are in each hand?
Approx. 300
206 27
Task 1: Function of the Skeleton
There are 4 major functions:
Shape and support.
Movement.
Protection.
Blood production
LS (Unit 1) Factors affecting performance 3. Skeleton and Joints ?

5. Task 2: Shape and Support
What would happen if we didn’t have a skeleton?
Provides a frame for posture.
Different people = different shapes.
Can be changed and manipulated.
Change of position = organs must still function!
Answer? Think of a sport that requires different movements. How do athletes create those movements
LS (Unit 1) Factors affecting performance 3. Skeleton and Joints

6. Task 3: Movement What permits movement in the human body?
The Body is jointed = allows movements
Different joints = different movements
What type of movement is allowed at the following joints?
Knee joint
Shoulder joint
C1 + C2 vertebrae (Top of the spine)
= extension/ flexion
= adduction / abduction / rotation (full)
= rotation (partial
LS (Unit 1) Factors affecting performance 3. Skeleton and Joints

7. Activity
Tennis Serve: How many different movements at different joints in the body
can you see/think of?
LS (Unit 1) Factors affecting performance 3. Skeleton and Joints

8. Task 4 - Flexion
Reducing the angle at the joint, for example bending the knee or elbow is flexion. The movement of flexion gives the arm space.
Catching a ball and bringing it to the body is flexion at the wrist, elbow and shoulder joints.
Give a sporting example of flexion
LS (Unit 1) Factors affecting performance 3. Skeleton and Joints

9. Extension
Increasing the angle at the joint, for example straightening the knee or elbow is extension.
In the run up for a jump a long jumper takes as much upward lift as possible. off and extends the take off leg to generate This is an example of extension at the hips..
Give a sporting example of extension
LS (Unit 1) Factors affecting performance 3. Skeleton and Joints

10. Abduction
Moving the body part away from the centre of the body, for example taking one leg away from the other is abduction
A goalkeeper abducts their arms when reaching to make a save.
Give a sporting example of abduction
LS (Unit 1) Factors affecting performance 3. Skeleton and Joints

11. Adduction
Moving the body part towards the centre of the body, for example bringing one leg in towards the other is adduction
In butterfly arm action in swimming, adduction takes place when the arms pull to the sides.
Give a sporting example of adduction
LS (Unit 1) Factors affecting performance 3. Skeleton and Joints

12. Rotation
The angles do not change but the joint moves in a circular motion.
The throwing action of the service in tennis.
Give a sporting example of rotation
LS (Unit 1) Factors affecting performance 3. Skeleton and Joints

13. Task 5: Protection Question: Why do organs need protections?
Answer: To prevent injury, long term or possible death
Organ
Protecting Bone
Potential Risks
Brain
Lungs
Heart
Liver
Kidneys
Stomach
Spinal cord
THINK ABOUT...and FILL IN THE TABLE
Which organs are in the human body?
Which bone(s) protects that organ?
What damage could occur to that organs if it didn't have protection?
LS (Unit 1) Factors affecting performance 3. Skeleton and Joints

14. Task 6: Blood Production
What do red and white blood cells do?
White
Red
Fight foreign organisms that enter the body
(infections, parasites)
Collect and transfer carbon dioxide and oxygen.
LS (Unit 1) Factors affecting performance 3. Skeleton and Joints

15. Task 7: Bone Quiz Shape & Support
Where are the muscular attachments? Where is there ‘shape’? .
Movement
Where are there connections between bones?
Protection
What needs to be protected?
Blood Production
Which large bones contain bone marrow?
clavicle, pelvic bone
knee, ankle, elbow.
cranium/skull (brain), rib cage (lungs/heart), vertebrae (spinal column)
femur, fibula, tibia.
LS (Unit 1) Factors affecting performance 3. Skeleton and Joints

16. Task 8: Types of Bones Long bone Short bones Flat bones
Irregular bones
Femur
Carpals / Tarsals
Cranium
Vertebrae
LS (Unit 1) Factors affecting performance 3. Skeleton and Joints

17. Task 9: Relevance to Sport
Combination of movement at several joints.
e.g. tennis serve, passing in any sport.
Stability and flexibility.
e.g. change of direction, complex movements.
Exercise assists motor skill development at a young age.
The body becomes accustomed to movements and balances in association with other body systems.
Body growth.
Skeleton growth should occur at the same rate as muscular growth.
Blood production.
Increase in exercise = increased need for red blood cells.
Long bones increase production of these cells.
LS (Unit 1) Factors affecting performance 3. Skeleton and Joints 17

18. Task 10: Different types of joints
Joint definition
‘A joint is a place where two or more bones meet.’
Joint function:
‘Joints hold our bones together and allow us to move."
Three main groups:
Fixed / immovable joints (fibrous).
Slightly moveable joints (cartilaginous) .
Freely moveable joints (synovial).
LS (Unit 1) Factors affecting performance 3. Skeleton and Joints

19. Task 11: Fixed / Immovable Joints (also known as fibrous joints)
No possible movement!
No sporting significance.
Held together by fibrous connective tissue
EXAMPLE:
Cranium (skull) - 8 large flat bones.
BUT...
Moveable as a baby.
Fuses after 24 months.
LS (Unit 1) Factors affecting performance 3. Skeleton and Joints

20. Task 12: Slightly Moveable Joints (also known as cartilaginous joints)
Bones use cartilage as padding.
Smalls movements are possible between the bones.
No joint cavity.
EXAMPLES:
Vertebrae.
Ribs and sternum
LS (Unit 1) Factors affecting performance 3. Skeleton and Joints

21. Task 13: Freely Moveable Joints (also known as synovial joints)
Complex construction in the joint.
Different joint construction = different movement.
Movement is dependent on arrangement of muscles, their tendons & ligaments.
EXAMPLES:
Knee
Hip
Shoulder
LS (Unit 1) Factors affecting performance 3. Skeleton and Joints

22. Task 14: Synovial joint construction
Ligaments
Hold bones together.
Prevent dislocation.
Hyaline Cartilage
Covers the head of bones & joint socket.
Hard, tough, slippery layer for protection & reduction of friction.
Synovial Fluid
Lubricates the joint for friction free movement.
Synovial Membrane
Protective barrier for synovial fluid.
Joint Capsule
Provides a protective barrier to all of the below!
LS (Unit 1) Factors affecting performance 3. Skeleton and Joints

23. LS (Unit 1) Factors affecting performance 3. Skeleton and Joints

24. Physiological Problems
Synovial Fluid
Synovial membrane puncture = leakage of synovial fluid.
Hyaline Cartilage
Deterioration = joint rubbing.
Arthritis.
Ligaments
Loose ligaments = dislocation of joint.
Tear/Snap = extreme pain & discomfort.
Takes a long time to heal.
! ! ! Old age = deterioration of all aspects ! ! !
LS (Unit 1) Factors affecting performance 3. Skeleton and Joints

25. LS (Unit 1) Factors affecting performance 3. Skeleton and Joints

26. Types of Synovial Joints
LS (Unit 1) Factors affecting performance 3. Skeleton and Joints

27. Task 15: Types of Synovial Joints – How to make the joints memorable
Freely moveable in all directions.
Ligaments are used to keep the joint stable & prevent dislocation.
Examples:
Hip
Shoulder
Movement allowed:
Flexion and extension
Abduction and adduction
Rotation
Ball and Socket
LS (Unit 1) Factors affecting performance 3. Skeleton and Joints

28. Hinge Movement in one plane only. Opens until straight.
Limited movement – shape of the bone & ligaments.
Examples:
Elbow
Knee
Movement allowed:
Flexion and extension.
LS (Unit 1) Factors affecting performance 3. Skeleton and Joints

29. Pivot Part of the bone fits into another ring of bone. Examples:
Atlas (C1) & Axis (C2) Vertebrae.
Movement allowed:
Rotation.
LS (Unit 1) Factors affecting performance 3. Skeleton and Joints

30. Condyloid Rounded end (condyle) into hollow end (elliptical cavity).
Back and forward, side to side.
Ligaments prevent rotation.
Examples:
Wrist
Movement allowed:
Flexion and extension.
Abduction and adductions.
LS (Unit 1) Factors affecting performance 3. Skeleton and Joints

31. Saddle Bones shaped like saddles & fit together.
Bone shape prevents rotation.
Example:
Thumb.
Movement allowed:
Flexion and extension.
Abduction and adduction.
LS (Unit 1) Factors affecting performance 3. Skeleton and Joints

32. Gliding Flat surface meeting flat surface.
Little movement is possible in all directions.
Limited movement due to tight joint capsules & ligaments.
Examples:
Vertebrae.
Carpal bones in the hand.
Movement allowed:
Gliding.
LS (Unit 1) Factors affecting performance 3. Skeleton and Joints

33. Learning Objectives
By the end of these four lessons students should:
Describe the four functions of the skeleton; namely, shape and support, movement, protection and blood production.
Identify different types of joints e.g. ball and socket, hinge, gliding and pivot and specific ranges of movement e.g. flexion, extension, rotation, adduction and abduction.
Understand the importance of the skeleton for movement and participation in practical activities.
Assessment:
A*-C Grade = more in-depth answers and extension work
D-G Grade = answer most questions at foundation level
LS (Unit 1) Factors affecting performance 3. Skeleton and Joints