1. HEAD AND NECK
DR. J.K. GERALD, (MD, MSc.)

2. HEAD AND NECK
The Head
The head is formed mainly by the skull with the brain and its covering meninges enclosed in the cranial cavity.
The special senses, the eye and the ear, lie within the skull bones or in the cavities bounded by them.

3. INTRODUCTION TO SKULL Skull: skeleton of the head
The skull is divided into two parts;
-Cranium/brain box.
-Facial skeleton.
Several bones join together to form the “cranium”.
-Vault - upper part of the cranium
-base of the skull - the lowest part of the cranium
The skull consists of overall 22 bones.

4. THE SKULL CONT….
CRANIUM
Facial skeleton

5. THE SKULL CONT….. BONES OF THE CRANIUM Frontal bone: 1
FACIAL BONES:
Frontal bone: 1
Parietal bones: 2
Occipital bone: 1
Temporal bones: 2
Sphenoid bone: 1
Ethmoid bone: 1
Zygomatic bones: 2
Maxillae: 2
Nasal bones: 2
Lacrimal bones: 2
Vomer: 1
Palatine bones: 2
Inferior conchae: 2
Mandible: 1

6. THE CRANIUM

7. FACIAL BONES

9. Occipital Bone
Martini, F. H., Timmons, M. J., Tallitsch, R. B Human anatomy. 5th ed. Pearson Education.

10. Frontal Bone
Martini, F. H., Timmons, M. J., Tallitsch, R. B Human anatomy. 6th ed. Pearson Education.

11. Temporal Bones
Martini, F. H., Timmons, M. J., Tallitsch, R. B Human anatomy. 6th ed. Pearson Education.

12. Sphenoid
Bone
Martini, F. H., Timmons, M. J., Tallitsch, R. B Human anatomy. 6th ed. Pearson Education.

13. Ethmoid Bone
Martini, F. H., Timmons, M. J., Tallitsch, R. B Human anatomy. 5th ed. Pearson Education.

14. Mandible
Martini, F. H., Timmons, M. J., Tallitsch, R. B Human anatomy. 5th ed. Pearson Education.

15. Zygomatic Bone
Martini, F. H., Timmons, M. J., Tallitsch, R. B Human anatomy. 5th ed. Pearson Education.

16. Maxilla
Martini, F. H., Timmons, M. J., Tallitsch, R. B Human anatomy. 6th ed. Pearson Education.

17. Palatine Bones
Martini, F. H., Timmons, M. J., Tallitsch, R. B Human anatomy. 6th ed. Pearson Education.

18. Vomer
Martini, F. H., Timmons, M. J., Tallitsch, R. B Human anatomy. 5th ed. Pearson Education.

19. Inferior Nasal Concha

20. Lacrimal and Nasal Bone

21. Hyoid Bone

22. THE BASE OF THE SKULL CONT…
The interior of the base of the skull is divided into three cranial fossae
I. Ant. Cranial Fossa – frontal lobes
II. Middle Cranial Fossa – temporal lobes
III. Post. Cranial Fossa – cerebellum, pons and medula oblongata.
The anterior cranial fossa is separated from the middle cranial fossa by the lesser wing of the sphenoid
The middle cranial fossa is separated from the posterior cranial fossa by the petrous part of the temporal bone.

24. OPENINGS STRUCTURES Mastoid foramen emissary v. branch of occipital a.
Foramen magnum
cruciate lig. tectorial membrane medulla oblongata ant. spinal a. post. spinal a. inf. venous plexus accessory n.
Condylar canal
emissary v. branch of occipital a
Hypoglossal canal
hypoglossal n.
Stylomastoid foramen
facial n. stylomastoid a.
Jugular foramen
inf. petrosal sinus 9th, 10th, 11th cranial n. sigmoid sinus
Mastoid canaliculus
auricular branch of vagus n.
Tympanomastoid fissure
Ext. acoustic meatus

25. Opening of chorda tympani n.
Tympanic canaliculus
tympanic branch of glossophryngeal n.
Carotid canal
int. carotid a. & its plexus of v. sympathetic n.
Caroticotympanic canaliculi
tympanic branch of int. carotid a. sympathetic n.
Squamotympanic fissure
Petrotympanic fissure
Petrosquamous fissure
Semi canal for auditory tube
auditory tube
Semi canal for tensor tympanic m.
tensor tympanic m.
Foramen lacerum

26. Foramen spinosum
middle meningeal vessels meningeal branch of mandibular n.
Foramen ovale
mandibular n. accessory meningeal a
Sphenovomerin canal
Vomerovaginal canal
Palatinovaginal canal
phryngeal n. & vessels
Pterygoid canal
vidian n.
Choanae
Lesser palatine canal
lesser palatine n. & vessels
Greater palatine canal
greater palatine n. & vessels
Pterygomaxillary fissure
maxillary n.

27. Inf. orbital fissure
zygomatic n.
Alveolar foramina
post. & sup. alveolar n.
Zygomaticotemporal foramen
zygomaticotemporal n. & vessels
Infraorbital foramen
infraorbital n. & vessels
Incisive canal
nasopaltine n. Greater palatine a.

28. THE END

29. The face
Facial vein communicates with the cranial venous sinuses. Thus infection from the face thus can reach the brain.
The most dangerous area of the face is between the nasal opening and upper lip but the whole face is overall considered dangerous from the infection point of view.