1. Chapter 17 - Section 3 Luther Leads the Reformation
Martin Luther’s protest over abuses in the Catholic Church lead to the founding of Protestant churches.

2. Let’s remember…. What does reform mean?
To change something that is wrong, corrupt, unsatisfactory
Why were people losing faith in the church?
Black plague, suffering, etc
What was the attitude of people during the Renaissance period?
Enjoy life
Why did the invention of the printing press lead people to criticize the church and clergy?
They could interpret the bible for themselves

3. Causes of the Reformation
Church Authority Challenged
Secularism, individualism of Renaissance challenge Church authority
Rulers challenge Church’s power
Printing press spreads secular ideas
Northern merchants resent paying church taxes

4. Criticisms of the Catholic Church
Corrupt leaders, extravagant popes
Poorly educated priests

5. Early Calls for Reform
John Wycliffe and Jan Hus stress Bible’s authority over clergy’s
Desiderius Erasmus and Thomas More are vocal critics of the Church
Reading religious works, Europeans form own opinions about Church

6. Criticize their Church
Two
Scholar-Priests
Criticize their Church
These two priests planted the seeds
for the “Protest”
and call for
“Reform”
in the Church…
that 100 years later
would erupt as the official
“Protestant Reformation”
led by priest
Martin Luther…
All three would be excommunicated for their blunt attacks
on the Church.
John Wycliff
1320 – 1384
John Hus
1369 – 1415
Bay of
Biscay

7. John Wycliff - English priest and professor at Oxford…
preached that Jesus, not the Pope, was the true head of Church
criticized the shameful luxury in which the Pope & priests lived
tried translating the Bible into vernacular English
charged with heresy, was excommunicated
John Wycliff
1320 – 1384
John Hus – priest from Bohemia and professor at Prague…
preached that the Bible, not the Pope, was the authority
criticized the shameful luxury in which the Pope & priests lived
began performing the Mass in the people’s vernacular language
charged with heresy, was excommunicated.
John Hus
1369 – 1415
“Love the Truth. Let others have their Truth.
And the Truth will prevail.”
John Hus of Bohemia,
inscribed on his statue today in Old Town Square,
Prague, Czech Republic.
PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

8. Luther Challenges the Church
The 95 Theses
Martin Luther protests Friar Johann Tetzel’s selling of indulgences
Indulgence – a pardon releasing a person from penalty for a sin
In 1517 Luther posts his 95 Theses attacking “pardon-merchants”
Luther’s theses circulate throughout Germany
Reformation rejects pope’s authority

9. 95 Theses

11. Luther’s Teachings
People can win salvation by faith alone, not “good works”
Christian teachings must be based on the Bible, not the pope
All people with faith are equal, can interpret the Bible without priests

12. The Response to Luther The Pope’s Threat
Pope Leo X issues decree threatening to excommunicate Luther (1520)
Luther’s rights of Church membership are taken away
Luther refuses to take back his statements and is excommunicated

13. The Emperor’s Opposition
Charles V is Holy Roman Emperor
He issues Edict of Worms (1521), declaring Luther a heretic
Luther and followers begin a separate religious group-Lutherans

14. Luther Stands Trial

15. The Edict of Worms

16. The Peasants’ Revolt
Inspired by Reformation, German peasants seek end to serfdom (1524)
Princes crush revolt; about 100,000 people die

17. Germany at War
Some princes side with Luther, become known as Protestants
Charles V fails to return rebellious princes to Catholic Church
Peace of Augsburg (1555) – each prince can decide religion of his state

18. England Becomes Protestant
Henry VIII Wants a Son
Henry has only daughter, needs male to rule England
Henry wants a divorce
Pope refuses to annul – set aside – his first marriage to Catherine of Aragon

19. The Reformation Parliament
Parliament passes laws ending pope’s power in England
Henry remarries, becomes official head of England’s Church
Thomas More refuses to go against Catholic Church and is beheaded

20. Consequences of Henry’s Changes
Henry has six wives and three children
Religious turmoil follows Henry’s death (1547)
Protestantism under King Edward, then Catholicism under Queen Mary

21. Catherine of Aragon
Left by Henry when no male heir.

22. Anne Boleyn Married 1533 One of Catherine’s servants.
In 1536, she’s accused of adultery and treason. Henry locks her up and has her executed.
Her sister was a mistress of Henry’s.
Henry was nice and got a skilled swordsman to behead her.

23. Jane Seymour Henry married her 11 days after Anne’s execution.
She was one of Anne’s servants.
Finally bears a male heir.
Dies almost two weeks after the birth.

24. Anne of Cleaves Married in 1540 Was a political marriage for Henry.
Once the political advantage was gone, Henry has the marriage annulled.
She fares pretty well.

25. Catherine Howard 16 days later, he married Anne Boleyn’s cousin
Henry was 49, and she was 19
Henry had gained a lot of weight and was in a lot of pain, while she was a free spirit
Less than a year into the marriage, rumors of her infidelity began
She was beheaded and laid to rest near her cousin, Anne Boleyn

26. Catherine Parr
Married 1543
She survives Henry who dies in 1547.

27. Daughter will be “Bloody” Mary I 1553-1558 (Catholic).
Henry’s Six Wives :
Daughter will be “Bloody” Mary I
(Catholic).
Catherine of Aragon
(divorced)
Daughter Elizabeth I
(Protestant).
Anne Boleyn
(beheaded)
Son Edward VI
(sickly)
King Henry VIII of England
[ ]
He broke England’s ties to the Roman Catholic Church for political and personal reasons, not religious ones like Luther.
Henry needed a male heir and his Catholic Spanish Queen
Catherine of Aragon
was not able to produce one.
Jane Seymour
(died)
Anne of Cleves
1540
(divorced)
Kathryn Howard
(beheaded)
Kathrine Parr
(survived) 27

28. His kids
So out of those six wives, Henry has three kids that make it out of infancy: Mary by Catherine of Aragon, Elizabeth by Anne Boleyn, and Edward by Jane Seymour.
This causes problems.

29. Edward VI Becomes king in 1547 at the age of nine.
Dies six years later of tuberculosis, arsenic poisoning, or syphilis.
During his reign, however, English Protestantism was significantly advanced and developed.
Last words: “Oh my Lord God, defend this realm from papistry and maintain Thy true religion.”

30. Mary I Queen from 1553-1558. Also known as Bloody Mary.
Mary was Catholic and she didn’t like the whole Protestant direction the country had been going in.
She turns England back toward Catholicism and has 300 dissenters executed.
She also considered herself the only legitimate child of Henry VIII.
Dies of probably ovarian cancer in 1558 at the age of 42.

31. Elizabeth I One of England’s greatest rulers if not THE greatest.
Kinda ironic considering how desperate Henry was for a male heir.
Reigns from

32. She had a rough time of it early considering that her mother, Anne Boleyn, was beheaded when Elizabeth was only three.
The title of ‘princess’ was taken away from her.
Henry dies when she’s 13 and she goes to live with Catherine Parr.
She becomes fluent in English, Spanish, French, Italian, Latin, and Greek.
When she’s 21, she spends two months in the Tower of London (not a pleasant place) because she was implicated in an overthrow plot against Queen Mary.

33. Elizabeth Restores Protestantism
Henry’s second daughter, Queen Elizabeth I, forms Anglican Church
Anglican Church is acceptable to moderate Catholics and Protestants

34. Elizabeth Faces Other Challenges
Some Protestants and Catholics oppose Elizabeth
Phillip II, Catholic King of Spain, threatens England
Elizabeth’s need for money brings conflict with Parliament

35. Luther attacks a monk named Tetzel for selling indulgences.
CAUSES EVENT or SITUATION EFFECTS
Luther attacks a monk named Tetzel for selling indulgences.
1. In 1517, Luther posts
his 95 Theses on the
church doors at
Wittenberg.
Luther’s words are printed and spread all over Germany and attract many followers.
Above: The church doors
At Luther’s church in Wittenberg. Other pics, Wittenberg, 2002.
PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins High School

36. The Pope realizes Luther is a threat to papal authority.
CAUSES EVENT or SITUATION EFFECTS
2. In 1520, Luther
refuses to recant at
Worms and is
excommunicated.
In 1521, he is declared
an outlaw and heretic.
The Pope realizes Luther is a threat to papal authority.
The H.R.E., is a devout Catholic, and also feels threatened by the uproar.
Luther is sheltered by the prince of Saxony where he translates Bible into German.
When he returns to Wittenberg, his followers have become a separate religious group – the Lutherans.
Charles V
Holy Roman Emperor
SAXONY
Frederick,
Prince of Saxony
offered
protection to Luther
Martin Luther
Pope Leo X

37. Religious Wars begin between Catholics and Protestants.
CAUSES EVENT or SITUATION EFFECTS
Excited by Luther’s talk about “religious freedom,” peasants revolt hoping for
social / economic freedom (an end to serfdom).
When the armies of German princes (at Luther’s request) brutally crush this revolt (killing thousands), previous supporters now turn against Luther.
3. The German
peasants revolt
in 1524.
Religious Wars begin between
Catholics and Protestants.

38. CAUSES EVENT or SITUATION EFFECTS
Charles V fought a 20 year war against the German Protestant princes and defeated them in 1547.
But he could not force them to remain in the Catholic Church.
The Peace of Augsburg is signed in 1555.
The peace settlement ended the war and allowed the ruler of each German state to decide his own state’s religious preference.
                       
Martin Luther continued his writings and lectures until his death in 1546.
In 1525 Luther had married a former nun named Katharine von Bora. She bore him eight children and outlived him by six years.
Charles V
Holy Roman Emperor
Even today, unlike Catholic priests who take a vow of celibacy, ministers in Protestant churches can get married.
PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins High School

39. Today, the Act of Supremacy remains in effect –
CAUSES EVENT or SITUATION EFFECTS
English Parliament approves the Act of Supremacy in 1534.
Henry VIII needed to annul his marriage to Catherine so he could remarry in order to get a male heir.
The Pope would not allow.
So Henry calls Parliament into session and passes the Act of Supremacy.
Henry closes all English monasteries; seizes their lands and other Catholic holdings in England;
thereby increasing his royal power, as well as his own personal wealth.
The Act of Supremacy made the ruler of England the official head of the Church of England – no longer the Catholic Pope.
Today, the Act of Supremacy remains in effect –
Queen Elizabeth II of England is officially the head
of the Anglican Church.
PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins High School

40. CAUSES EVENT or SITUATION EFFECTS
Parliament establishes the Anglican Church
in 1559.
Henry’s daughter Mary had tried to restore Catholicism in England after her father’s break with the Pope.
Elizabeth I restores Protestantism and asks Parliament to create a national Church of England.
The Anglican church becomes the only legal church in England and people were required to attend. Elizabeth tried to create a church that both moderate Catholics and Protestants could accept.
After everything her father went through trying to get a male heir –
even executing her own mother – it is ironic then that his daughter Elizabeth would turn out to be one of the most politically skilled
and well-remembered monarchs in England’s history.
She was a master at diplomacy with other European powers
and at achieving compromises in her own kingdom
in order to maintain peace among squabbling religious groups.
Elizabeth I
The “Virgin” Queen
Ruled England for 45 years!
PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins High School