1. Totalitarian Leaders of the 1930s

2. Josef (Joseph) Stalin

3. Josef Stalin Country: USSR (Soviet Union) Date in Power: 1924
Political Party: Communist Party
Type of Government: Communist
Title: “Man of Steel” (translated)
Goals:
1. Create a modern Communist country and spread communism globally
2. Transform the Soviet Union from a farming nation to an industrial power

4. Josef Stalin’s Rise to Power
Became leader following the death of Vladimir Lenin and elimination of his competition
Purge – forcefully removal of enemies and opponents
The Great Purge – millions executed or sent to prison camps in Gulag (believed 8 – 13 million killed)
Prison / Labor Camps
Use of Secret Police
State-run media

5. Josef Stalin’s Rise to Power
Created a cult of personality – made Stalin a hero by plastering posters all over and changing names of cities
Used show trials to torture opponents into confessing to crimes
Indoctrinated the youth
Discouraged religion

6. Josef Stalin’s Policies
5 year plans for industries (3 different years over a 15 year period) at expense of its citizens
Heavy industries of steel and iron promoted; oil production doubled; steel quadrupled
By 1930 – Soviet Union emerged as a major industrial power only behind US and Germany
Collectivization of farms (government control)
At first resistance, but any peasant who didn’t let his farm be collected was killed
1932 famine sent no food to Ukraine region to punish

7. Benito Mussolini

8. Benito Mussolini Country: Italy Date in Power: (1919) 1922
Political Party: National Fascist Party
Type of Government: Fascist
Title: Il Duce (The Chief)
Goals:
1. To create Italy into a world power as it once was with the Roman Empire
2. To right the perceived wrongs of the Treaty of Versailles (not receiving territory)

9. Benito Mussolini’s Rise to Power
Italy was upset over lack of land gain after WWI and they wanted a strong leader
Regain Roman greatness
Gained support (factory and landowners) by defeating extremist and ending worker strikes/riots
Secret Police
Brutal beatings (Black Shirts)
Propaganda
Censorship of the media
Boys and girls educated on Fascist loyalty

10. Benito Mussolini’s Policies
Strong centralized government backed by a dictator; emphasis on the importance of the nation and its glory
Supported the Catholic Church
Extreme Nationalism (Fascism) “Everything in the state, nothing outside the state and nothing against the state.”
Anti-Socialism
Anti-Communism

11. Adolf Hitler

12. Adolf Hitler Country: Germany Date in Power: 1933
Political Party: National Socialist German Workers Party (Nazi)
Type of Government: Fascist
Title: Der Fuhrer (the leader)
Goals:
1. To create a Third Reich for Germany
2. To right the wrongs of the Treaty of Versailles

13. How Hitler Promoted His Ideas
Through a book he wrote while in prison for attempting to overthrow the government (Mein Kampf) which outlined his political ideas based on Nazi beliefs
3 Main Elements:
Desired to unite all German-speaking people under one grand empire; Wanted racial purity – blond, blue-eyed Aryans
Inferior races (Jews, Slavs and all non-whites) were to form a work force for the “master race”
Lebrensraum: Living space; national expansion
Posed a threat to Czechoslovakia, Poland, Austria, France, Belgium and the Netherlands

14. Hitler’s Rise to Power SS – Personal military Gestapo – Police force
Propaganda
State run media
Terror and Repression
Racial Laws (Nuremberg Laws)
Concentration Camps
Extermination Camps

15. Hitler’s Policies
Rearmament of Germany in violation of the Treaty of Versailles
Public works projects
Racism (Anti-Semitism)
Extreme Fascism – Nazism
Enabling Act – Ignored Constitution
Mass Demonstration
Hitler Youth
Censorship – book burnings
Women – nurse, social workers or mothers

16. Emperor Hirohito Hideki Tojo

17. Japanese Military Generals
Hirohito, the emperor, was treated like a god and was a “figurehead” or leader without any real power
General Hideki Tojo and his officers ran the nation after they felt threatened by civilian leaders
Japan suffered during the depression from lack of natural resources
Set out to build huge Japanese empire in Asia
Invaded Manchuria for resources; established a puppet government (Manchukuo)
Citizens were happy with the actions, so there was no complaint
Tried to invade the Soviet Union, but failed
Invaded China – Killed millions

18. General Francisco Franco

19. General Francisco Franco
A civil war broke out in Spain
The Nationalists (Fascists and supporters of conservative policies) were led by General Francisco Franco
Supported by Germany and Italy
The Loyalists (supporters of the Republic, including communists, socialists, and supporters of democracy)
Supported by the Soviet Union
No help from the US because the US was maintaining isolationism, but Americans did volunteer and fought as the Abraham Lincoln Brigade
After a 3 year struggle and nearly a million lives, Franco triumphed and created a Fascist dictatorship