1. Revolution in Russia Main Idea
The war and social unrest combined to push Russia to the edge of a revolution. The events that followed led to Russia’s exit from WWI and became a major turning point in world history.

2. ESTIMATED WORLD POPULATIONS
***
1800
1850
1900
Europe
150
206
291
Russia 37 60
111
Africa 90 95
120
Asia
602
749
937
North America 16 39
106
South America 9 20 38
Oceania 2 6
U.S

5. Size of Russia vs. USA Russia USA
17,075,400 km2 9,826,630 km2
Russia is 1.74 times larger than the US

6. Government and Society
Russia one of great powers of Europe, first half 1800s
Troops helped defeat Napoleon
Leaders helped reorganize Europe after his fall
Empire huge, stretched eastward far into Asia
Included many different ethnic groups
Russian Czar’s ruled with absolute power
Russian mostly agricultural (no industrialization)mostly serfs
Huge Empire

7. Russians wanted more freedoms.
Reform and Repression
Russians wanted more freedoms.
Secret societies formed to fight against czar’s rule
Saw opportunity for change with death of Alexander I, 1825
One group called Decembrists
Included military officers
3,000 soldiers assembled near Winter Palace
Refused to declare allegiance to new czar, Nicholas I
The Decembrist Revolt
Nicholas responded by crushing rebellion
Many Decembrists captured, sent to Siberia, isolated region in far eastern Russia
Five Decembrists executed
Decembrist revolt failed, but began revolutionary movement in Russia destined to grow in years ahead
Nicholas’s Response

8. Reforms of Alexander II
Russia Lagging Behind
Alexander II becomes czar 1855
No modern technology, industry to build competitive military
Reforms under Alexander II
1861, freed Russia’s serfs, believed terrible conditions could bring rebellion
Set up new judicial system
Allowed some local self-government
Reorganized army, navy
Despite reforms
Revolutionary groups continued to gain strength, call for more changes
1881, Czar Alexander II is assassinated

9. Unrest Under Alexander III
Alexander III was a reactionary,
Responded to revolutionary threats by going after individuals and groups
Pogroms- Mobs began attacking Jews, killing them, destroying property
Reasons were jealous of Jewish business success, gaining rights, increase in population
Government did not stop attacks
Nearly 2 million Jews fled Russia for America and UK
In 1894, Alexander III dies, his son Nicholas II crowned
Different Form of Unrest

10. War and Revolution Growing Unrest Expansion East
Many Russians wanted to create socialist republic—no private property, state to own, distribute goods
1902, Vladimir Lenin called for revolution to overthrow czar
Expansion East
Russia expands east and conflicts with—Japan
1904 Russo-Japanese War-- Japanese forces attacked, defeated Russia
Defeat shocked many Russians, adds to unrest, rise of Communism

11. Socialism, Communism, Capitalism
Society is combination of individual and government
Society owns property
Society controls business
Capitalism
Private ownership of business
Supply and demand
Karl Marx- Communism
More radical socialism
Predicted collapse of capitalism unfair balance of labor and profit
Das Kapital Communism
Government
owns means of production
controls economic planning

12. The Revolution of 1905 Revolution Begins
1905, many Russians ready to rebel against czar Bloody Sunday
January 22, Orthodox priest, Father Gapon, brought petition to czar at Winter Palace, listing number of demands
Troops fired at peaceful group; hundreds died
Revolution Begins
Bloody Sunday inspired many sectors of society to rise up
Workers went on strike, students protested in streets
2 million workers protested in streets

13. The October Manifesto
In response to the rebellions and strikes, Nicholas II issued the October Manifesto, an official promise for reform and a more democratic government.
Constitution
Election of Rep’s
Individual liberties to all, including freedom of speech, assembly
Many gained right to vote
Provisions
Czar continue to rule, but not pass laws without approval of Duma
Duma
Nicholas II hoped Manifesto would end revolution
Did not achieve balance between own power, democracy
People still wanted reform
End Revolution

15. The Years Before the War
Russia and World War I
After 1905 revolution, Nicholas II offered change but never followed through
Bolsheviks, led by Lenin, wanted to overthrow czar
German gov’t agrees to help Lenin with Revolution if he gets Russia out of WWI
The Years Before the War
1. Adaptation of Marxist (Communism) ideas to overthrow capitalism
2. Wanted small group to keep power over Russia
3. Bolsheviks gained more followers with added problems
1. Bolshevik Plan

16. Russia in World War I Preparations for War On the Battlefield
At the start of the war, Russia had an enormous army of some 6 million soldiers.
Outbreak of fighting caused patriotism, rush to join military
2. Russia was ill-prepared for war
Factories unable to produce supplies quickly
Transportation system weak
Equipment outdated
Poor commanders
Preparations for War
Some initial successes on battlefield
Losses soon outnumbered victories
Millions of Russian soldiers wounded, killed during early battles
On the Battlefield

17. Conditions Grow Worse
3. Czar Nicholas II took personal command of forces, 1915
Move made little sense since he knew little of military matters
Bad situation grew worse under Czar’s command
Russian suffered heavy losses
Central Powers were able to stop Russian offensive
Destroyed Russian soldiers’ faith in leadership
Army had little strength, even less confidence
Conditions in Russia grew worse
Food, goods scarce
peasants grew desperate
Unpopular Czarina relied on Grigory Rasputin, viewed as corrupt, immoral

18. The Russian Revolution
March 8, citizens begin protests
Police, soldiers refused to shoot rioters
Government was helpless
4. Revolution Begins
Ordered legislature to disband
His order defied
Citizens, government, military refused to obey Czar
Forced to abdicate, March 15, 1917
The Bolsheviks executed the Czar, the Czarina, their four daughters, the maid, the doctor, the cook and the waiters in
Czar Nicholas II

20. 4. The Russian Revolution
Kerensky Government
Aleksandr Kerensky established temporary government
Many unhappy with leadership
Bolsheviks
Opposed Kerensky’s gov’t
Wanted fundamental changes
Planned Marxist revolution
Bolshevism
Abolish private property
Enforce social equality
Known as Marxism-Leninism
Vladimir Lenin
Bolshevik exiled
Returned in April 1917 with the help of Germany
Germany wanted Lenin to get Russia out of WWI

21. The Bolshevik Revolution Kerensky’s final offensive
Drive failed and led to widespread rebellion in Russian army
Weakened Russian army collapsed
Conditions ideal for Lenin rebellion
Red Army- Armed Bolshevik factory workers
October Revolution - attacked of provisional government
Gov’t collapsed after nearly bloodless struggle
Bolshevik takeover
Established radical Communist
No private ownership of land
Land given to peasants
Control of factories given to workers
Lenin became leader

22. 7. 1918 Lenin ends Russian involvement in WWI
After the Revolution
Lenin ends Russian involvement in WWI
Leon Trotsky negotiated peace with Central Powers
Russia’s army virtually powerless
Russia had to accept harsh agreement
Lost large part of western empire- Poland, Ukraine, Latvia, Lithuania

24. Civil War Bolsheviks’ acceptance of peace treaty angered many Russians
Bolsheviks’ opponents organized the White Army
White Army included army leaders, political opponents, wealthy Russians opposed to Communist system
White Army received military help from France, U.S.
Civil War raged 3 years between Lenin’s Red Army and White Army
Millions of Russians died in fighting, famines
Bolsheviks finally win in 1920

25. 8. New Economic Policy Collapsing economy New Economic Policy
Brought on by civil war, pushed Russia to edge of total ruin
Peasants, workers especially hard hit
Lenin introduced New Economic Policy, 1921
New Economic Policy
1. Some capitalist activity * NO business ownership
2. Peasants could sell food at profit
9. The Soviet Union (USSR)
Russia becomes the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, dominated by Communist leadership (lasts until 1991)
Lenin’s death in 1924 led to struggle for control of Soviet Union

26. 1 Million people visited the body of Lenin in 3 days.
His mausoleum is located in Moscow at the Red Square.
Lenin’s body has been embalmed and on exhibit for viewing since 1924.

27. Joseph Stalin was also on display from 1953-61.
Temp is kept at 61* F w/80-90% humidity.
Body is removed and washed every 18 months.