1. By: Cristen Moore, Filomena Dardani and Miranda Venhuda
Cholera
By: Cristen Moore, Filomena Dardani and Miranda Venhuda

2. Poor Living Conditions

3. Background of Cholera
Was first described in 1854 in Italy by Filippo Pacini
V. cholerae was also characterized by Robert Koch
Is caused by a bacteria known as Vibrio cholerae
Is becoming increasingly common in the United States
Rare risk for travelers; however, those at higher risk include:
humanitarian aid workers and travelers with remote itineraries in areas of cholera outbreaks, who have limited access to safe water and medical care

4. What is Cholera?
Cholera is a potentially epidemic and life-threatening secretory diarrhea characterized by numerous and voluminous watery stools
Often accompanied by vomiting
Diarrheal disease caused by colonization of the intestines by cholera toxin–expressing strains of Vibrio cholerae

5. Pathology of Cholera
Ingestion of Vibrio Cholerae in water or food source
Vibrio Cholerae colonizes within the small intestine
Secretes cholergen toxin
Increased amounts of sodium and chloride into small intestine

6. Clinical Manifestations
Signs and Symptoms:
Profuse watery diarrhea
Vomiting
Increased heart rate
Dry mucosal membranes
Leg cramps
Thirst
Symptoms can take a few hours to 5 days to appear

7. Treatments
Rehydration therapy-oral and intravenous. Reduces mortality rates.
Antibiotics-Tetracycline highly effective in reducing morbidity. A single dose of doxycycline. Pregnant women and children can use Erythromycin.
Zinc has been shown to help improve cholera symptoms in children
Prevention

8. References (2013, October 18). Retrieved November 22, 2014, from
Board, A. (2012, May 30). Retrieved November 22, 2014, from
Cholera. (n.d.). Retrieved November 22, 2014, from
Hochstein, L. H. (2013). Simultaneous Infection with Shigella sonneiand Vibrio choleroe in a Young Child. Clinical Laboratory Science, 26(4),
Umeed, M. (2012). Travellers' Diarrhoea. Practice Nurse, 42(16),
Devault, A. M., Golding, G. B., Waglechner, N., Enk, J. M., Kuch, M., Tien, J. H., & ... Poinar, H. N. (2014). Second-pandemic strain of Vibrio cholerae from the Philadelphia cholera outbreak of New England Journal Of Medicine, 370(4), doi: /NEJMoa

9. References Pictures
Consultorías HACCP: Fifty-Year Cholera Mystery Solved. (n.d.). Retrieved November 22, 2014, from
Sanitation in India's slums. (n.d.). Retrieved November 22, 2014, from