1. Presenter: Terry Ann Harrison HFLE
Diabetes Mellitus
What is Diabetes?
Types of Diabetes
TYPE 1 DIABETES
TYPE 2 DIABETES
Gestational diabetes
Causes of Diabetes
Symptoms of diabetes
Treatment of Diabetes
Prevention
Societal Effects
Myths
Presenter: Terry Ann Harrison
HFLE

2. What is Diabetes?
Diabetes is the condition in which the body does not properly process food for use as energy.
Most of the food we eat is turned into glucose, sugar, for our bodies to use for energy.
The pancreas, an organ that lies near the stomach, makes a hormone called insulin to help glucose get into the cells of our bodies.
On the other hand, when you have diabetes, your body either doesn't make enough insulin or can't use its own insulin as well as it should.
This causes sugar to build up in your blood; this is how diabetes got its popular name called “sugar.”
Diabetes causes blood glucose (sugar) levels to rise higher than normal. This is also called hyperglycaemia.
What is Diabetes
Types
TYPE 1 Diabetes
TYPE 2 DIABETES
Gestational diabetes
Causes
Symptoms
Treatment of Diabetes
Prevention
Societal Effects
Myths

3. Types of Diabetes Mellitus
What is Diabetes
Types
TYPE 1 Diabetes
TYPE 2 DIABETES
Gestational diabetes
Causes
Symptoms
Treatment of Diabetes
Prevention
Societal Effects
Myths

4. TYPE 1 DIABETES
Type 1 diabetes is usually diagnosed in children and young adults, and was previously known as juvenile diabetes.
Only 5% of people with diabetes have this form of the disease.
In type 1 diabetes, the body does not produce insulin.
Insulin is a hormone that is needed to convert sugar, starches and other food into energy needed for daily life.
What is Diabetes
Types
TYPE 1 Diabetes
TYPE 2 DIABETES
Gestational diabetes
Causes
Symptoms
Treatment of Diabetes
Prevention
Societal Effects
Myths

5. TYPE 1 DIABETES cont’d
The pancreas cannot make insulin to help body cells convert sugar into energy, which causes the sugar to build up in the blood that can cause life-threatening complications.
Individuals with type I diabetes must take some form of insulin for the rest of their lives.

6. TYPE 2 DIABETES Type 2 diabetes is the most common form of diabetes.
If you have type 2 diabetes your body does not use insulin properly. This is called insulin resistance.
At first, your pancreas makes extra insulin to make up for it. But, over time it isn't able to keep up and can't make enough insulin to keep your blood glucose at normal levels.
What is Diabetes
Types
TYPE 1 Diabetes
TYPE 2 DIABETES
Gestational diabetes
Causes
Symptoms
Treatment of Diabetes
Prevention
Societal Effects
Myths

7. GESTATIONAL DIABETES
Pregnant women who are not diabetic but have high blood glucose (sugar) levels during pregnancy.
Due to the fact that the placenta supports the baby as it grows, hormones from the placenta help the baby develop. However, these hormones also block the action of the mother's insulin in her body.
This is called insulin resistance as it makes it hard for the mother's body to use insulin and may need up to three times as much insulin.
Without enough insulin, glucose cannot leave the blood and be changed to energy. 
What is Diabetes
Types
TYPE 1 Diabetes
TYPE 2 DIABETES
Gestational diabetes
Causes
Symptoms
Treatment of Diabetes
Prevention
Societal Effects
Myths

8. CAUSES OF DIABETES
In type 1 diabetes, the cause of this isn't entirely clear but it may include genetic risk factors and environmental factors.
One theory is that type 1 diabetes may occur after having a specific virus.
For Type 2, genetics and lifestyle clearly play roles. Type 2 diabetes has been linked to obesity, genetic risk factors, and inactivity.
Some racial and ethnic groups are at higher risk for type 2 diabetes. These include American Indians, African Americans, Hispanics/Latinos, Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders
What is Diabetes
Types
TYPE 1 Diabetes
TYPE 2 DIABETES
Gestational diabetes
Causes
Symptoms
Treatment of Diabetes
Prevention
Societal Effects
Myths

9. Symptoms of Diabetes
The following symptoms of are typical. However, some people with type 2 diabetes have symptoms so mild that they go unnoticed. 
Common symptoms of diabetes:
Urinating often
Feeling very thirsty
Feeling very hungry - even though you are eating
Extreme fatigue
Blurry vision
Cuts/bruises that are slow to heal
Weight loss - even though you are eating more (type 1)
Tingling, pain, or numbness in the hands/feet (type 2)
What is Diabetes
Types
TYPE 1 Diabetes
TYPE 2 DIABETES
Gestational diabetes
Causes
Symptoms
Treatment of Diabetes
Prevention
Societal Effects
Myths

10. Treatment of Diabetes Type 1 diabetes THERE IS NO CURE
Insulin injections are required. 
Insulin cannot be taken as a pill.
The insulin would be broken down during digestion just like the protein in food. Insulin must be injected into the fat under your skin for it to get into your blood. 
In addition to insulin, Type 1 diabetes management also includes healthy eating and regular activity.
What is Diabetes
Types
TYPE 1 Diabetes
TYPE 2 DIABETES
Gestational diabetes
Causes
Symptoms
Treatment of Diabetes
Prevention
Societal Effects
Myths

11. Treatment of Diabetes Type 2 diabetes:
When the body is unable to use the insulin properly it is referred to as insulin resistance.
Your role in managing insulin resistance is eating properly, being active and maintaining a healthy body weight. 
Pills are also commonly used to help control blood sugar. Over time, insulin may be added to your treatment plan
What is Diabetes
Types
TYPE 1 Diabetes
TYPE 2 DIABETES
Gestational diabetes
Causes
Symptoms
Treatment of Diabetes
Prevention
Societal Effects
Myths

12. TREATMENT ELEMENTS Types Causes Symptoms Prevention Myths
What is Diabetes
Types
TYPE 1 Diabetes
TYPE 2 DIABETES
Gestational diabetes
Causes
Symptoms
Treatment of Diabetes
Prevention
Societal Effects
Myths

13. Prevention of Diabetes
Although it's not clear why, whole grains may reduce your risk of diabetes and help maintain blood sugar levels. Try to make at least half your grains whole grains.
Type 1
The exact cause of type 1 diabetes is not yet known, but we do know that it is not caused by poor diet and lack of activity. At this stage, nothing can be done to prevent or cure type 1 diabetes.
Medication to help prevent diabetes- Some medication, such as metformin, has been shown to lower the risk of type 2 diabetes amongst particularly high-risk cases where lifestyles interventions alone may not be enough.
Choose good fats instead of bad fats.
What is Diabetes
Types
TYPE 1 Diabetes
TYPE 2 DIABETES
Gestational diabetes
Causes
Symptoms
Treatment of Diabetes
Prevention
Societal Effects
Myths

14. Prevention of Diabetes
Type 2
Get more physical activity
There are many benefits to regular physical activity. Exercise can help you:
Lose weight, Lower your blood sugar, and boost your sensitivity to insulin— which helps keep your blood sugar within a normal range
Get plenty of fiber -It's rough, it's tough — and it may help you:
Reduce your risk of diabetes by improving your blood sugar control
Lower your risk of heart disease
What is Diabetes
Types
TYPE 1 Diabetes
TYPE 2 DIABETES
Gestational diabetes
Causes
Symptoms
Treatment of Diabetes
Prevention
Societal Effects
Myths

15. impact of diabetes
Over time, diabetes can lead to blindness, kidney failure, and nerve damage.
These types of damage are the result of damage to small vessels, referred to as microvascular disease.
Diabetes is also an important factor in accelerating the hardening and narrowing of the arteries (atherosclerosis), leading to strokes, coronary heart disease, and other large blood vessel diseases.
This is referred to as macrovascular disease.

16. ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES
What is Diabetes
Types
TYPE 1 Diabetes
TYPE 2 DIABETES
Gestational diabetes
Causes
Symptoms
Treatment of Diabetes
Prevention
Societal Effects
Myths

17. Effects of Diabetes on Society
According to the Diabetes Society of Jamaica, this is the 2nd causes of death in Jamaica (Registrar General Office, Statin, 2003).
Diabetes affected 17.9% of population, 15 years and older, with 90% Type 2 and 10% Type 1. Approximately 327,000 persons in (2001) were affected with this disease while 50% is at risk for developing diabetes.
Persons that are overweight, have limited physical activity, have poor eating habits, or have a genetic predisposition may be at risk for type 2 diabetes.
What is Diabetes
Types
TYPE 1 Diabetes
TYPE 2 DIABETES
Gestational diabetes
Causes
Symptoms
Treatment of Diabetes
Prevention
Societal Effects
Myths

18. Types Causes Symptoms Prevention Myths What is Diabetes
TYPE 1 Diabetes
TYPE 2 DIABETES
Gestational diabetes
Causes
Symptoms
Treatment of Diabetes
Prevention
Societal Effects
Myths

19. Reference http://www.projecthope.org/
What is Diabetes
American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes Diabetes Care
Alemzadeh R, Ali O.(2011)Diabetes mellitus. In: Kliegman RM, ed. Kliegman: Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 19th ed. Philadelphia, Pa.: Elsevier Saunders
Types
TYPE 1 Diabetes
TYPE 2 DIABETES
Gestational diabetes
Causes
Symptoms
Treatment of Diabetes
Prevention
Societal Effects
Myths