1. Blood

2. Blood Facts
Normal healthy adult has 4-6L of blood (~8% of body weight)
Normal pH 7.35 – 7.45
Components of blood are plasma, erythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood cells), and platelets

3. Functions of Blood
Distribution – transports oxygen, nutrients, metabolic wastes, and hormones
Regulation – maintaining body temperature, normal pH, and adequate fluid volumes
Protection – prevention of blood loss and infection

4. Blood Sample

5. Composition of Plasma
Water (90%) – dissolving and suspending medium; absorbs heat
Proteins (8%)
Albumin (liver) - exerts osmotic pressure to maintain water balance between blood and tissues
Alpha and beta globulins (liver) – help transport lipids, metal ions, and vitamins
Gamma globulins - antibodies

6. Composition of Plasma Proteins (cont’d)
Clotting proteins (liver) – fibrinogen and prothrombin
Others – enzymes, antibacterial proteins, hormones
Nitrogenous wastes – urea, uric acid, creatinine, ammonium salts

7. Composition of Plasma
Nutrients – glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, glycerol, triglycerides, cholesterol, vitamins
Electrolytes – sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, phosphate, sulfate, bicarbonate (maintain osmotic balance and pH)
Respiratory gases – oxygen and carbon dioxide

8. Erythrocytes – RBC,s Transport respiratory gases
– hemoglobin is 97% of RBC contents
oxyhemoglobin – bright red
deoxyhemoglobin – dark red
Adult cells have no nucleus
Shape is a biconcave disc
Lifespan 120 days

9. Erythropoesis – regulation and production of RBC’s
~5 million RBCs per cubic millimeter of blood

10. Leukocytes – White Blood Cells
Defend the body against bacteria, viruses, parasites, toxins and tumor cells
Normally 4,800-10,800 WBCs per cubic millimeter of blood
Adult cells have a nucleus

12. WBCs have Ameboid movement
Diapedesis

13. Chemotaxis – WBCs are attracted by chemical signals from damaged cells or other WBCs
chemotaxis.ram

14. Immature rbc’s and wbc’s are found in bone marrow

15. Types of leukocytes Neutrophils – phagocytize bacteria
Multilobed Nucleus
Inconspicuous Granuoles

16. Types of leukocytes
Eosinophils – kill parasitic worms, destroy antigen/antibody complexes, inactivate inflammatory chemicals of allergy
Bilobed Nucleus
Red Granuoles

17. Types of leukocytes
Basophils – release histamine (a vasodilator) and attract other wbc’s
Lobed Nuceus
Purple Granuoles

18. Types of leukocytes
Lymphocytes – mount immune response by direct cell attack or via antibodies
Spherical nucleus

19. Types of leukocytes
Monocytes – phagocytosis; develop into macrophages in tissues
Kidney or U-shaped Nucleus

20. Platelets
Cell fragments that hold chemicals involved in the clotting process

21. Steps in Hemostasis
Blood vessel is injured
Vascular spasm is triggered by chemical released by platelets and damaged cells
– causes
vasoconstriction

22. Steps in Hemostasis
Platelet Plug Formation – platelets swell, form spikes and adhere to exposed collagen fibers in damaged blood vessel

23. Steps in Hemostasis Coagulation or Blood Clot formation
Platelets release thrombokinase, an enzyme that starts clot formation

26. Normocytic – normal size erythrocytes
Normochromic – normal amount of hemoglobin (some central pallor)

27. HYPOCHROMIC
HYPERCHROMIC

28. Macrocytic vs. Microcytic RBC’s

29. Anisocytosis and Poikilocytosis

30. Stomatocytes
May be seen in liver disease or electrolyte imbalances

31. Target Cells
May be seen in hemolytic anemias

32. Burr Cells
may indicate electrolyte imbalance or uremia

33. Spherocytes
May be seen in certain anemias and severe burns