1. Fire Loss Control - Basic Elements
Mgt. & Maint.
IgnitionSources
Building Construction
OCCUPANCY
Jail
Fireworks Factory
Day Care
Code Enforcement
Fuel Sources
ResponseOn & Offsite
CombustionProducts
Detection & Suppression

2. NFPA 921 Fire Definition
A rapid oxidation process with the evolution of light & heat in varying intensities.

3. Oxidation as a Chemical Reaction
Breaks down the fuel & oxidizer, allowing the atoms to recombine in the form of compounds different from those from which was started:
Reactants - fuel & oxidizers
Products - new components

4. Fire Definition A rapid oxidation process that generates heat.
Self-sustaining
Exothermic
Smoke producing

5. Fire Definition
Rapid, self-sustaining oxidizing process that evolves heat, light & smoke in varying quantities

6. Fire vs. Combustion Fire Unplanned Uncontrolled Combustion
Level of control
Fuel & oxidizers are regulated
High efficiency

7. Fire Triangle

8. Fuel (stored energy) Wood, paper
Hydrocarbons (methane, butane, propane)
Petroleum products

9. Oxygen & Oxidizers Unlocks the stored energy Oxygen Chlorine Nitrates
Chlorates
Concentrated nitric acid

10. Sources of Heat Energy Chemical Electrical Mechanical Nuclear
Decaying organic material (oily rags - spontaneous combustion)

11. Fire Tetrahedron

12. Chemical Chain Reaction

13. Combustion Chain Reactions

14. Heat Transfer
Conduction
Radiation
Convection

15. Convection / Conduction

16. Radiation

17. Fire Extinguishment Theory
Heat removal (water / cooling)
Fuel removal (sometimes partial)
Oxygen removal
Stop chemical chain reaction

18. Definitions
Upper Flammable Limit - The largest concentration of gas or vapor in air which can catch fire or explode when exposed to a source of ignition.
Lower Flammable Limit - The smallest concentration of gas or vapor in air which can catch fire or explode when exposed to a source of ignition.

21. LEL / UEL HYDROGEN ACETONE BENZENE ETHYLENE AMMONIA METHANE
HYDROGEN
4.1
74.2
ACETONE
2.5
13.0
BENZENE
1.3
7.9
ETHYLENE
2.7
36.0
AMMONIA
16.0
25.0
METHANE
5.3
15.0

22. LEL
UEL
LEAN
REGION
RICH REGION
TOO MUCH
AIR
EXPLOSIVE
TOO MUCH
GAS

23. Liquid Fuels Key Definitions Evaporation
Vapor Pressure - The pressure exerted by a volatile liquid at a specified temperature.
Flash Point - The lowest temperature at which a liquid gives off enough vapor to form an ignitable mixture with air and produce a flame when a source of ignition is present.

24. Liquid Fuels
Ignition Temperature -The minimum temperature to which a fuel in air must be heated in order to start self sustained combustion independent of the heating source.
Auto-ignition Temperature - The lowest temperature that a flammable gas-air or vapor-air mixture will ignite from its own heat source or contact with a hot surface, without spark or flame.

25. Classes of Flammable Liquids
Class IA - flashpoint below 73oF & boiling points below 100oF
Class IB - flashpoint below 75oF & boiling point at or above 100oF
Class IC - flashpoint at or above 73oF & below 100oF

26. Combustible Liquids
Class II - flashpoint at or above 100oF & below 140oF
Class IIIA - flashpoint at or above 140oF & below 200oF
Class IIIB - flashpoint at or above 200oF

27. Solid Fuels Key Definitions
Pyrolysis - the chemical decomposition of a substance through the action of heat
Piloted ignition temperature - heat level required to form a gas that will ignite when exposed to a spark
Auto-ignition temperature - The lowest temperature that a flammable gas-air or vapor-air mixture will ignite from its own heat source or contact with a hot surface, without spark or flame.

28. Classes of Fire A - Ordinary combustibles B - Flammable liquids
C - Energized electrical equipment
D - Combustible metals
K - Cooking appliances involving combustible cooking media (vegetable or animal oils & fats)