1. Frog Dissection
Miss Sauer

2. FROG ANIMALIA CHORDATA VERTEBRATA “backbone” AMPHIBIA “double life”
LATIN meaning
KINGDOM _____________
PHYLUM ____________________________
SUBPHYLUM ___________________________
CLASS _______________________________
ORDER _____________________________
ANIMALIA
CHORDATA
VERTEBRATA “backbone”
AMPHIBIA “double life”
ANURA “without a tail”

3. Scientists believe other vertebrates evolved from BONY LOBE-FINNED fish

4. AMPHIBIAN CHARACTERISTICS
Moist, thin skin without scales
Aquatic larva changes to terrestrial adult
Feet without claws
Respiration with gills, lungs, skin, mouth
Closed 2 loop circulation
Ectothermic (cold blooded)
Eggs without shells or multicellular membranes

5. http://users. erols. com/jkimball. ma

6. Thin, moist skin – no scales Mucous glands make it “slimy”
Camouflage- for protection
Some have poison glands

7. BREATHING THROUGH SKIN is called CUTANEOUS RESPIRATION
BREATHING THROUGH SKIN is called CUTANEOUS RESPIRATION

8. ECTOTHERMIC “cold blooded”
Body temperature is dependent on surrounding environment

9. HIBERNATION/ ESTIVATION
FAT stored in FAT BODIES provides energy
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10. Nictitating membrane
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11. NO CLAWS
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12. What sex is it? Images from:

14. AMPLEXUS “firm embrace”
Sperm and egg same time and place; which increases chances of fertilization.

15. TONGUE attached at front not back like yours!
Imagse from:
TONGUE attached at front not back like yours!

16. Pulls food into digestive system
Muscular
Back of throat
Pulls food into digestive system
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17. Connect ears to back of throat
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Connect ears
to back of throat

18. GULLET Opening to digestive GLOTTIS Opening to respiratory
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GULLET
Opening to digestive
GLOTTIS
Opening to
respiratory

19. Images from: http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/frog_dissection.htm

20. Image from; http://faculty. clintoncc. suny. edu/faculty/Michael
Image from; Laboratory/frog%20dissection/frog%20dissection_files/frame.htm

21. Females may have black & white eggs
Image from; Laboratory/frog%20dissection/frog%20dissection_files/frame.htm
Females may have black & white eggs

22. Pericardial membrane around heart Mesentery holds intestines together
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Pericardial membrane around heart
Mesentery holds intestines together

23. Mesentery holds intestines together
image from:
Mesentery holds intestines together

24. FAT BODIES Store fat for energy during: Hibernation Estivation
Breeding
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25. Image from: http://step.sdsc.edu/projects95/Frog.Dissection/index.html

26. Image from: http://step.sdsc.edu/projects95/Frog.Dissection/index.html

27. CONTROLS passage of food from stomach into duodenum (intestine)
PYLORIC SPHINCTER
CONTROLS passage of food from stomach
into duodenum (intestine)

28. Gall Bladder
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29. STOMACH: LIVER: GALL BLADDER Make acid and digestive enzymes
Start digestion (grind up food)
Make bile
Store glycogen
Store vitamins
Process toxins (including nitrogen waste) for kidneys
Store bile

30. PANCREAS

31. Pancreas (enlarged)

32. PANCREAS: Makes TRYPSIN, INSULIN, GLUCAGON
TRYPSIN- breaks down proteins
INSULIN- tells cells to store glucose from bloodstream as glycogen
GLUCAGON- tells cells to release stored
glucose to blood stream

33. SPLEEN
Produces and stores new RBC’s and processes old worn out ones

34. SMALL INTESTINE DUODENUM Receives trypsin and bile; finishes digestion
ILEUM
Absorbs nutrients
VILLI
Increase surface area

35. LARGE INTESTINE Removes water from digestive waste; concentrates feces
LARGE INTESTINE
Removes water from digestive waste;
concentrates feces

36. KIDNEYS- Remove nitrogen waste from blood and dilute it with water to make urine; osmoregulation
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37. URINARY BLADDER STORES URINE MADE BY KIDNEYS LARVAE (Tadpoles)
Excrete AMMONIA like fish
Adult frogs excrete
UREA to conserve water

38. CLOACA
DIGESTIVE
EXCRETORY
REPRODUCTIVE

39. http://www. flushing. k12. mi. us/srhigh/tippettl/biology/frog/index
LUNGS:
GAS EXCHANGE

40. BREATHING WITH LUNGS is called PULMONARY RESPIRATION
BREATHING WITH LUNGS is called PULMONARY RESPIRATION

41. Larvae breathe with GILLS

42. OVARIES
Make eggs
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43. Carry eggs to cloaca Add jelly coating
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Carry eggs to cloaca
Add jelly coating

44. TESTES
MAKE SPERM

45. TESTES KIDNEY

46. AMPLEXUS “firm embrace”

47. INDIRECT DEVELOPMENT Grow legs; Lose tail 2 chambers  3 chambers
1 loop  2 loops
Breathe w/ gills  lungs & skin
Excrete ammonia  excrete urea
(gills & kidneys) (kidneys)

48. Ways tadpoles are like fish:
Have a LATERAL LINE
Breathe with gills
Excrete nitrogen waste as AMMONIA (with gills & kidneys)
Have a 2 chamber heart
Have a 1 loop
circulatory system

49. HEART 3 chambered heart Right atrium Left atrium Ventricle
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50. TADPOLES & FISH: 2 chambered heart 1 loop system ADULT FROG:
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TADPOLES & FISH: chambered heart
1 loop system
ADULT FROG:
3 chamber heart
2 loop system

51. MOST vertebrates have nuclei in their RBC’s
MAMMALS DON’T
RBCs’ image from:
Human RBC image from:

52. Conus arteriosus FISH CIRCULATION Sinus venosus   Atrium GILLS
BODY organs   
Atrium
GILLS  
Conus
arteriosus
Ventricle 
FISH CIRCULATION

53. Conus arteriosus FROG CIRCULATION Sinus venosus    Body organs  
RIGHTAtrium
LEFT Atrium 
Lungs      
Conus
arteriosus 
Ventricle 
FROG CIRCULATION

54. Conus arteriosus FROG CIRCULATION Sinus venosus    Body organs  
RIGHTAtrium
LEFT Atrium 
Lungs      
Conus
arteriosus 
Ventricle 
FROG CIRCULATION

55. BRAIN

56. Tympanum
Lungs
External Nares
Liver
Internal Nares
Gall Bladder
Maxillary Teeth
Stomach
Vomerine Teeth
Small Intestine
Eustachian Tubes
Large Intestine
Tongue
Spleen
Esophagus
Kidney
Glottis
Oviducts/Eggs
Heart
Testis

57. Tympanum
The tympanum, found just behind the eyes, functions as the ears of the frog. They receive sound waves both above and below water allowing the frog to hear.
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58. External Nares
The nares primary role is to let air into and out of the frog. This is a view of the nares from outside of the frog.
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59. Internal Nares
The nares primary role is to let air into and out of the frog. This is a view of the nares from inside of the frog.
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60. This set of teeth is used for holding prey.
Maxillary Teeth
This set of teeth is used for holding prey.
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61. This set of teeth is also used for holding prey.
Vomerine Teeth
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62. The eustachian tubes function to equalize pressure on both sides of the eardrum or tympanum
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63. Tongue
The tongue aids in swallowing and catching prey. In humans the tongue also aids in speech and taste.
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64. Glottis
The glottis is the opening between the vocal chords at the upper part of the windpipe or larynx.
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65. Esophagus
Food is swallowed through the esophagus where peristalsis aids its movement to the stomach.
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66. Lungs
The lungs transport oxygen to the blood as well as remove waste like carbon dioxide through a process called respiration.
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67. Heart
Unlike the human heart the heart of a frog only has three chambers (two atria and one ventricle) however the role and function is the same. The heart pumps blood throughout the body carrying oxygen and nutrients and picking up waste to be filtered by other parts of the body.
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68. Large
Intestine
The main role of the large intestine is to absorb water and store fecal material until it can be excreted from the body.
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69. Small
Intestine
The small intestine receives the mixture of chyme from the stomach through the pyloric valve. In the small intestine nutrients are absorbed from the tiny villi lining the inner walls of the small intestine.
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70. Stomach
In the stomach food is further broken down by gastric juices and peristalsis until it becomes a liquid substance called chyme.
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71. Liver
The liver produces bile, a substance that emulsifies fats contained within the food we eat, and stores it in the gall bladder to be secreted into the small intestine.
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72. Gall Bladder
The gall bladder stores bile that is received from the liver. Bile is secreted from the gall bladder into the first section of the small intestine (duodenum) to help aid in digestion.
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73. Spleen
The spleen helps to destroy old red blood cells and lymphocytes, which are cells that produce antibodies to help fight infected and cancerous cells.
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74. Kidneys
The Kidneys filter out waste from the blood through structures known as nephrons. The waste removed is combined with water to form urine.
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75. Oviducts
& Eggs
The oviducts are tubes that carry eggs from the ovaries to the uterus. The eggs are the female reproductive cell.
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76. Testis
The testis are the male reproductive gland that produce sperm and male hormones such as testosterone.
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77. Tympanum
Lungs
External Nares
Liver
Internal Nares
Gall Bladder
Maxillary Teeth
Stomach
Vomerine Teeth
Small Intestine
Eustachian Tubes
Large Intestine
Tongue
Spleen
Esophagus
Kidney
Glottis
Oviducts/Eggs
Heart
Testis