1. Science Skills Review

2. General Units of Measurement
A measurement has two parts: a number and a unit. A unit is a standard amount used to measure something.

3. Types of Measurements

4. Length
The distance between two points Unit: Meter (m), Centimeter (cm) Millimeter (mm) Hint: position object at 0 on the ruler or meter stick Hint: make sure to use the metric side of the ruler!

5. Mass
Amount of matter (substance) in an object Measure using a balance Units: Grams (g)

6. Units for Mass
Grams (g)
Tool
Electronic Balance

7. Area
Amount of surface within a set boundary (Length x Width) Units: Meters Squared (m2) or Centimeters Squared (cm2)

8. The amount of space a substance occupies; gas, liquid or solid
Volume
The amount of space a substance occupies; gas, liquid or solid

9. Units for Volume Tools Liter (L); Millimeters (mL)
Graduated cylinder (Preferred); Beaker; Flask

10. Curved upper surface of a liquid in a tube
Meniscus
Curved upper surface of a liquid in a tube
Meniscus

11. What is the volume?

12. Practice reading volume on a graduated cylinder
Find the scale of the graduated cylinder. Read at the bottom of the meniscus.
8.45 mL

13. Practice reading volume on a graduated cylinder
Find the scale of the graduated cylinder. Read at the bottom of the meniscus.
32.5 mL

14. Practice reading volume on a graduated cylinder
Find the scale of the graduated cylinder. Read at the bottom of the meniscus.
33.5 mL

15. Density
Amount of matter that occupies a given space (mass/volume) Units: g/mL

16. Time
Interval between two events Units: Seconds (s)

17. Measure of the warmth or coldness of an object.
Temperature
Measure of the warmth or coldness of an object.

18. Qualitative Observations vs. Quantiative Measurements
Qualitative observations: Descriptions in words of what is being observed. They are based on some quality of an observation, such as color, odor, or texture.

19. Steps of the Scientific Method

20. The question being addressed
1. Problem
The question being addressed

21. The possible answer to the question
2. Hypothesis
Testable prediction
The possible answer to the question

22. *Hypothesis (If – Then Statement)
Most of the time a hypothesis is written like this: "If [I do this], then [this] will happen

23. A series of steps that are taken to try to support the hypothesis.
3. Experiment
A series of steps that are taken to try to support the hypothesis.

24. The information which is collected when the experiment is run
4. Analyze Data
The information which is collected when the experiment is run

25. A decision reached about the hypothesis after examining the data.
5. Conclusion
A decision reached about the hypothesis after examining the data.
PROVE
Data supports or does
not support the
hypothesis!

26. 6. Publish Data
Share data and conclusions with the scientific community; if something new discovered.

27. Scientific Method Terms: Independent Variable
Explanation: Something that is changed by the scientists (experimenter); Look for the word “different”
What is different?
What is manipulated?

28. Scientific Method Terms: Dependent Variable
Explanation: The variable that is measured in an experiment; the data that is collected
What is measured?
What are you collecting data on?

29. Scientific Method Terms: Control
Explanation: The variable that is not changed or manipulated in an experiment; serves as the standard for comparison
What experiment do we know the outcome?

30. Scientific Method Terms: Constant(s)
Explanation: The components that are kept the same for every experiment
Experiment: The affect of temperature on fish activity
What stays exactly the same?

31. Graphing

32. What is a Graph?
A diagram showing the relationship between (typically) two variables, each measured along a pair of axes (x and y)

33. Three main graphs used in Biology
1. Bar Graph: Comparisons between different groups or to track changes over time.
nces.ed.gov

34. How to Graph???

35. a. Identify the Variables
Dependent - What is measured
Independent – What is varied/changed
pH of Water
Number of Tadpoles
Dependent: Number of Tadpoles
Independent: pH of Water

36. b. Label axis The dependent variable goes on the y-axis
Include Units When Appropriate
The independent variable goes on the x-axis

37. Number of Tadpoles
pH of Water

38. c. Determine the axis scale
Spread the graph out to the MOST available space. Take up ALL the graph paper.
You don’t ALWAYS have to start from zero. Find the lowest value and go down a bit.

39. d. Plot data points pH of Water # of Tadpoles 8.0 45 7.5 69 7.0 78 6.588
6.0 43
5.5 23

40. e. Connect the data points using a ruler

41. f. Title the graph
The affect of _______ (IV) on _______ (DV)

42. Characteristics of Life

43. 1. Living things are made up of cells

44. A cell is the basic building block of all living things

45. Organisms can be UNICELLULAR or made up of one cell

46. Organisms can be MULTICELLULAR or made up of MANY cells
Circles = Cells

47. 2. Living things reproduce

48. Type of Reproduction: Asexual
One parent
“Grows” an identical offspring
When offspring is developed, it separates from parent
Genetically IDENTICAL

49. Type of Reproduction: Sexual
Two parents
A parent contributes sperm and the other an egg; fertilization creates a new offspring with DNA from both parents
Genetically DIFFERENT

50. 3. Living things have DNA

51. What is DNA?
It is an organisms genetic make-up OR a genetic blueprint with the directions for the traits (characteristics) that make all organisms unique.

52. 4. Living things grow and…..

53. …… Develop

54. What is the difference between growth and development?
Growth is the increase in size of an organism
Ewwwwww….

55. Development is a transformation (change) into a different stage often for improvement

56. 5. Living things obtain materials (food) to make energy

57. What is metabolism?
All chemical changes that take place in a cell or an organism to produce energy and basic materials needed for important life processes

58. Organism can feed using two methods: Autotroph
Organisms make their own food in their cells - automatically

59. Organism can feed using two methods: Heterotroph
Organisms cannot make their own food in their cells – need to eat/consume

60. 6. Living things respond to stimuli in their environment
When you touch a hot stove, you pull your hand away pretty quickly.
IT HURTS!

61. External Stimulus
A stimulus that occurs OUTSIDE of an organism that causes a response; For example – a dog with a shock collar.

62. Internal Stimulus A stimulus that occurs inside of an organism.
For example, if you have hunger pains, you eat!

63. 7. Living things maintain a stable internal environment
Organism maintain a constant/stable internal environment
For example: Our bodies react when too cold or hot

64. What is homeostasis?
The process of keeping the internal environment of the body stable while the outside world changes

65. 8. Living things can adapt to their environment
Organisms have the ability to change over a period of time in response to the environment.
The BEST adapted will survive and pass traits on to offspring