1. Networking basics
Chapter 1
6 days including test

2. objectives Upon completion of this chapter, you should be able to:
Define & identify different types of networks
Describe the advantages & disadvantages of network types
Describe & identify topologies
Identify the OSI model, why it’s used, and what happens at each layer
Describe various protocols
Compare and contrast TCP and UDP
Convert binary to decimal to hexadecimal

3. 1.1
Networking overview

4. Intro to networks What is a network? Networks consist of:
Group of interconnected devices able to share info with each other
Networks consist of:
Hosts/Nodes
Connecting Media
Network interface
Protocols (standards)
Network benefits
Share peripherals
Consolidate storage
Group collaboration/communication
File sharing, , social media, VoIP, websites

5. Network types: peer to peer
Hosts don’t have a specific role
Can provide & consume network services
Multiple devices connected by a networking device. This can also be done wirelessly.
No Server; No one PC has control over others; remains small- 10 or less PCs
SOHO & home networks usually use peer to peer.

6. Network types: peer to peer
Easy & inexpensive to implement
No special network OS to buy
Uses PC’s OS
Easy to configure to share storage & printing
Not scalable
Bigger = difficult to manage
Usually limited to 10
No centralized controls
Decentralized storage
Possible slower performance
On the storage device PC, files other people put on there could be accidently deleted.
Decentralized storage- each PC will need to be backed up; data is not organized because it’s across many PCs.
Slower performance to handle requests
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES

7. Network types: client-server
Provides a resource/service, like or web pages
server/web server
Client
Consumes network services
Requests & displays info from a server
PC with web browser to display pages from web server
Clients: Have regular desktop OS & client software to connect to the server & use shared resources.
Servers: Has a network OS to provide services only. Centrally set up user account (logins); optimized to handle heavy processing loads;

8. Network types: client-server
Very scalable
Easy to support
Centralized management
Data protection
Backup shared data on server
More expensive!
Separate server & network OS needed
Advanced planning to setup
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES

9. Networking terms Need More Help? Watch Test Out Video 1.1.3 10:58
Addressing
Subnet
LAN
CAN
MAN
WAN
Internet
Intranet
Extranet
Need More Help?
Watch Test Out Video 1.1.3
10:58

10. Local area network Over a small area
CONNECTS END DEVICES IN A SMALL AREA LIKE HOME, SMALL OFFICE.
USUALLY ONE ADMINISTRATOR.
FAST SPEED INSIDE THE NETWORK Mbps
LAN IS OWNED BY PEOPLE, BUSINESSES, ETC.
Scale: Room or building
Distance: Usually 100 meters or less
Wired: Cat 6 or fiber
Wireless:
Components: PCs, routers, switches, servers, printers, wireless access points, and so on

11. Campus area network Cluster of buildings
Distance: Usually a mile or less
Wired: Fiber, coax
Wireless: , microwave
Components: Routers, switches, wireless bridges, and so on
Campus-Area Network

12. Metropolitan area network
Scale: City
Distance: Usually a few miles or less
Wired: Fiber, coax
Wireless: Microwave
Components: Routers, switches, wireless bridges, and so on
Metropolitan-Area Network

13. Wide area network WAN IS LARGE. NO END DEVICES HERE, JUST ROUTERS.
SPEEDS ARE SLOWER ON WANS THAN ON LANS. (Example: 1000Mbps in GCIT, 30Mbps to Internet)
WAN IS MANY ISPs MAINTAINING THOSE ROUTERS TO HELP SEND DATA EVERYWHERE.
Scale: State, country, global
Distance: A few miles to thousands of miles
Wired: Fiber
Wireless: Microwave
Components: Routers, switches, satellites, and so on

14. INTERNET Connected networks Not owned by anyone
Organizations maintain it & standards

15. Intranet & extranet

16. Review- 3Q
What type of network uses each device to share files with other devices on the network?
Peer to peer
What type of network do you assign specific hosts a role such as file storage and other hosts just access those resources?
Client-server
What connects a client PC to the network’s medium?
Network interface

17. 1.2
Network topologies

18. topology Graphical layout of the network Two types: Physical topology
Layout of how devices are physically connected
Logical topology
How devices communicate/data transmitted
Shows IP addresses & groups

19. Logical topologies Bus/Broadcast (Ethernet) Star (Ethernet) Ring
Data sent to ALL devices connected to the cable
Each device looks at the data to see if it is addressed to it or not
Star (Ethernet)
Data sent direct to destination
Using switch
Ring
Data is passed from computer to computer
Must have a token to talk

20. physical topology: Bus & ring
All connected to same cable, terminated at end
Broken cable= no one communicates
Ring
Each device connected to each other

21. physical topology: Star topology
Has a central connecting device
Most common
Extended Star too

22. physical topology: Mesh topology
Each device connects to every other device
Redundancy
Decentralized (not central point of failure)
Used in backbone; not with PCs
Provides fault tolerance; commonly used in WANs & backbone of network.
DECNTRALIZED!
Can be done with wireless PCs ad-hoc.

23. activities Physical & logical topology ID handout
TestOut Questions (12)
Watch Video (7:14)

24. Review- 4Q
The physical layout of nodes on a network is known as the networks:
Topology
Which physical topology is most common today?
Star
How does data get passed in a logical ring topology?
Sent from one device to the next
How does data get passed in a logical bus topology?
Sent to all devices in network

25. 1.3
Osi model

26. Osi model Before 1983, network devices were proprietary
Had to buy all from same vendor or it wouldn’t work
OSI model created standards to follow
OSI model layers break down the communication process between devices

27. Osi model

28. OSI Model Layer # Layer Name Description 7 Application
Provides network access to applications
SMTP; HTTP; DHCP; FTP; Telnet 6
Presentation
Transforms data to a format 5
Session
Establishes, manages, terminates sessions 4
Transport
Reliable transport; flow control; retransmission;
TCP; port numbers; segments 3
Network
Routing; Logical (IP) addressing; packet; Router 2
Data Link
Physical (MAC) addressing; access to media frame; NIC; Switch 1
Physical
Bits; electricity; light; Cat 6/7; Hub; NIC
DATA
SEG-MENTS
Virtual model to standardize communication process
Encapsulation
PDUs: Data—Segments-Packets-Frames-Bits
PACKETS
FRAMES
BITS

29. activity The OSI Communications Process Go to Test Out
Review OSI Model Facts
1.3.6 Practice Questions (15)

30. Activity

31. Activity- answers

32. activity

33. 1.4
Network signaling

34. Info converted into signals
Encoding
Converting info for travel on media
Ex: bits into electricity, light, radio waves
Types of Signals:
Digital (bits)
0 volts= 0
+5 volts= 1
Analog
Doesn’t represent bits
But can be converted…
Decoding: From media to digital

35. modulation Converting digital signal to analog
Connect via phone line
FM (Frequency Modulation)
Varies the frequency (or hertz)
AM (Amplitude Modulation)
Adjusts the strength

36. demodulation Converting analog to digital Modem (modulate-demodulate)
Baud- # time per second signal changes
Bit Rate- # of bits per second
Bit & baud are usually the same.

37. How that data is transmitted- broadband
Analog signals over multiple frequencies
Uses Multiplexing
Mixing multiple signals over a cable’s bandwidth
Usually outside of your network

38. How that data is transmitted- baseband
Sends data in single channel using all bandwidth of the cable (one at a time)
Uses Time-Division Multiplexing
Each signal gets a specific time to send
Ethernet is baseband
Send/receive using all of the frequency

39. Review- 3Q
What is the process for converting digital signals for travel on media?
Encoding
What is the process of converting signals on media to digital?
Decoding
What process allows multiple signals to be mixed over a cable’s bandwidth?
Multiplexing

40. 1.5
Network protocols

41. Tcp/ip protocol suite What is a protocol? Protocol Suite
Set of rules for communication
Protocol Suite
Set of protocols that work together
TCP/IP
No matter where you’re at or what kind of computer you’re using, you can communicate if you follow the same rules.
Protocol is a set of rules for communication.
Rules would be how to package it, how to handle errors, how to divide packets

42. Tcp Connection-oriented Sends acknowledgements
Like tracking a FedEx delivery
Breaks messages into small segments
If sender doesn’t get an ACK of message received, it retransmits
Only portion lost is resent
On receiving host, TCP reassembles data
FTP & HTTP are examples of protocols using TCP
Example: Student is in the parking lot, standing on top of their car. If I just yelled the urgent message of “Dr. Mateka is coming!”, I would not know if he heard me correctly, if at all. To be sure he gets the message, it would be better to call his phone and talk to him. I make sure I connect to him, he answers, I tell him, and ask him if he understands my warning. THIS IS TCP. If not for TCP, I wouldn’t know if he was asleep or even heard me. It would be like yelling a lot and then walking away. The FLOW CONTROL part of the example would be speaking slowly enough for him to understand.

43. udp Connectionless Used for faster transmissions Low overhead
“Best effort delivery”
Regular mail / no guarantee of delivery
No ACK or retransmission
No error checking*
Used for streaming audio, video, VoIP
DNS, DHCP, TFTP, VoIP, Gaming, SNMP are examples of protocols that use UDP
*The actual application/upper layer protocols will request a retry if not received.
Like yelling heads up Bob, and throwing a football into a crowd of people. I hope Bob heard me and he catches it.
Look at animation

44. Tcp vs. udp Guaranteed delivery Connection-oriented Acknowledgements
Slower bc of establishing a connection & acknowledging
, web, file transfer
Best effort delivery
Connectionless
No acknowledgements
Faster bc of no connection or acknowledgements
Audio/video streams
All other protocols work in conjunction with one of these two protocols.
TCP
UDP

45. Activity 1

46. Protocols Protocol Information Connection to transfer web pages- TCP
HTTP
Connection to transfer web pages- TCP
HTTPS
Secure connection for web pages transmission- TCP
Security created by SSL or TSL
FTP
File transfer- TCP
TFTP
File transfer- UDP
Telnet
Remote login- TCP
SSH
Secure remote login- TCP
POP3
Transfer of from server to you; then deleted
IMAP
Transfer of from server to you; kept on server
SMTP
Transfer of from PC to server; Used to send between servers
TSL- Transport Layer Security; more advanced version of SSL

47. Protocols Protocol Information Secure file transfer
SFTP & SCP
Secure file transfer
DHCP
Automatically assign IP/SM/DG/DNS server addresses- UDP
DNS
Translates names to IP addresses- TCP/UDP
NTP
Allows devices to sync their clocks through network- TCP/UDP
SNMP
Create alerts to monitor the network- UDP
ICMP
Can detect other devices & verify connectivity- PING
NTP: Network Time Protocol
SNMP Example: create alert when you have 1TB of space left on a shared drive.

48. TCP/UDP Activity

49. Common network services
Web server
FTP server
DNS server
DHCP server
Directory Services
Directory of users on a network, resources, and access control
SSH Server
From client, you can connect remotely & securely to a device
TestOut Review-
1.5.2
1.5.4
1.5.5 Questions (12)
Directory services- MS Active Directory, Novell eDirectory are examples

50. Review- 3Q
What type of network has centralized resources, such as central file storage?
Client-server
What type of network shares resources located on local computer hard drives?
Peer to peer
You type into your web browser. A DNS request is created and then a we request is sent. What type of network is this?

51. Review- 4Q Which protocol is used for web page transmission?
HTTP
You have a network of 100 devices. Which process will easily allow all computers to automatically be able to communicate on a network by assigning IP addresses?
DHCP
Which utility/protocol can test connectivity?
Ping/ICMP
Which protocol allows remote login, but is not secure?
Telnet

52. 1.6
Numbering systems

53. Convert binary to decimal
Add up the values of the binary 1’s
156
229
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

54. Binary/Decimal Conversions
Binary to Decimal Conversions
Add up the bit values to come up with the decimal answer
Decimal to Binary Conversions
Convert the decimal number to bits
Binary Game
Play Now

55. Binary/Decimal/Hex conversions
Hex= MAC address
0-9, A-F (10-15)
Convert Hex to Binary, then to Decimal
Convert backwards too AB

56. Activity
TestOut Practice Questions (3)
Conversion Handout/Quiz

57. Review & study Complete the study guide handout
Take all quizzes on TestOut
Jeopardy review

58. Networking basics
Chapter 1