1. OSI Model
IP address

2. MAC to IP Address Comparison
MAC address
Identifies a NIC in a computer on a network
Each MAC address is unique
TCP/IP networks can use MAC addresses in communication
Network devices cannot efficiently way traffic using MAC addresses because they:
Are not grouped logically
Cannot be changed
Do not give information about physical or logical network configuration
CCNA Guide to Cisco Networking Fundamentals, Fourth Edition

3. MAC to IP Address Comparison (continued)
IP addressing
Developed for use on large networks
IP addresses have a hierarchical structure and do provide logical groupings
IP address identifies both a network and a host
CCNA Guide to Cisco Networking Fundamentals, Fourth Edition

4. OSI Model
Versions of IP address
IPv4
IPv6

5. OSI Model
IPv4

6. Types of IP address
Static address
Dynamic address

7. Types of IP address Static IP address
manually input by network administrator
manageable for small networks
requires careful checks to avoid duplication

8. Types of IP address Dynamic IP address Used protocol DHCP
assigned by server when host boots
derived automatically from a range of addresses
duration of ‘lease’ negotiated, then address released back to server

9. IP Addressing An IP address has 32 bits divided into four octets
To make the address easier to read, people use decimal numbers to represent the binary digits
Example:
Dotted decimal notation
When binary IP addresses are written in decimal format
CCNA Guide to Cisco Networking Fundamentals, Fourth Edition

10. Conversion
CCNA Guide to Cisco Networking Fundamentals, Fourth Edition

11. Binary and Decimal Conversion

12. Example 5.1
Change the following IPv4 addresses from binary notation to dotted-decimal notation. a b c d
Solution
We replace each group of 8 bits with its equivalent decimal number (see Appendix B) and add dots for separation: a b c d
TCP/IP Protocol Suite

13. Example 5.2
Change the following IPv4 addresses from dotted-decimal notation to binary notation. a b c d
Solution
We replace each decimal number with its binary equivalent: a b c d
TCP/IP Protocol Suite

14. Example 5.3 Find the error, if any, in the following IPv4 addresses:b c d
Solution
a. There should be no leading zeroes (045).
b. We may not have more than 4 bytes in an IPv4 address.
c. Each byte should be less than or equal to 255.
d. A mixture of binary notation and dotted-decimal notation.
TCP/IP Protocol Suite

15. IP Address as a 32-Bit Binary Number

16. Classes of IP address Class A - large organizations , governments
Class B - medium sized organizations
Class C - small organizations
Class D- Multicasting is the sending of a stream of data (usually audio and video) to multiple computers simultaneously
Class E
Addresses are reserved for research, testing, and experimentation
The Class E range starts where Class D leaves off

17. Classify and Define IPv4 Addresses
Identify the historic method for assigning addresses and the issues associated with the method

18. IP Address Classes

19. IP Address Classes

20. IP Addresses as Decimal Numbers

21. IP Classes (continued)
CCNA Guide to Cisco Networking Fundamentals, Fourth Edition

22. IP Classes (continued)
CCNA Guide to Cisco Networking Fundamentals, Fourth Edition

23. IP Classes (continued)
CCNA Guide to Cisco Networking Fundamentals, Fourth Edition

24. Network Addressing IP addresses identify both the network and the host
Subnet mask
Determines which part of an IP address is the network field and which part is the host field
Standard (default) subnet masks:
Class A subnet mask is
Class B subnet mask is
Class C subnet mask is
CCNA Guide to Cisco Networking Fundamentals, Fourth Edition

25. Default Subnet Masks

26. Subnetting
TCP/IP hosts use the combination of the IP address and the subnet mask
To determine if other addresses are local or remote
The binary AND operation is used to perform the calculation
Subnetting
Manipulation of the subnet mask to get more network numbers
CCNA Guide to Cisco Networking Fundamentals, Fourth Edition

27. CCNA Guide to Cisco Networking Fundamentals, Fourth Edition

28. Subnet Mask Follow these steps to determine the subnet mask:
1. Express the subnetwork IP address in binary form.
2. Replace the network and subnet portion of the address with all 1s.
3. Replace the host portion of the address with all 0s.
4. Convert the binary expression back to dotted- decimal notation.

29. Subnet Mask
Subnet mask in decimal =

30. Performing the AND Function

31. IPv4 versus IPv6 IP version 6 (IPv6) has been defined and developed.
IPv6 uses 128 bits rather than the 32 bits currently used in IPv4.
IPv6 uses hexadecimal numbers to represent the 128 bits.
IPv4

32. IPv4 versus IPv6 IP version 4 (IPv4) IP version 6 (IPv6)
The version of IP currently installed on most systems today
IP version 6 (IPv6)
Originally designed to address the final running down of IPv4 addresses
IPv6 can be subnetted
CCNA Guide to Cisco Networking Fundamentals, Fourth Edition