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The Future of Human Spaceflight *** A Journey to Mars
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Manned Spacecraft Second Generation 1964-1966
First Generation Second Generation Vostok 10,400 lbs 6 Flights Mercury 2,900 lbs 6 Flights Gemini 8,600 lbs 10 Flights Voskhod 12,500 lbs 2 Flights Journey to Mars
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Manned Spacecraft Third Generation
Apollo 52,600 lbs. Soyuz Present 15,400 lbs. Journey to Mars
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Fourth Generation — Reusable
Shuttle 265,000 lbs Journey to Mars
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What Might Have Been Journey to Mars
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The Fifth Generation Crew Exploration Vehicle - Orion
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CEV Return Not as Spectacular
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Man-Rated Boosters Gemini Titan Mercury Atlas Journey to Mars
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First Generation Space Stations
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241 feet Current weight 612,000 lbs 925,000 lbs when completed
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We’ve Been to the Moon and scheduled to return by 2018
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Then it will be on to Mars
Why is Mars so fascinating? Journey to Mars
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1877 Giovanni Schiaparelli
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First Mages of Mars Mariner 4 Spacecraft 1965
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Mariner 9 —1971 Orbited Mars Imaged entire planet
Possible signs of water erosion Journey to Mars
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Viking 1976 — First Landing No signs of life
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What is Mars Like? Diameter 3,400 KM (4,200 miles)
Atmospheric pressure .9 kPa (.2” hg) Atmospheric composition 95% CO2 Journey to Mars
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Water! Temperature min mean max −122 °F −50 °F +23 °F
− 87 °C −46 °C −5 °C −122 °F −50 °F °F Water! Journey to Mars
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How can we get there? Journey to Mars
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Martian Orbit Compared to Earth
93 million miles 365 Day Period 66,000 mph Earth Orbit Mars Orbit Sun Earth’s Rotation Earth 142 million miles 687 Day Period 53,000 mph Mars Journey to Mars
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Hohmann Transfer Orbit
to to Mars Mars Mars at Opposition 1 2 3 5 7 6 4 6 7 Earth Orbit 4 Mars Orbit Sun 9 2 Earth’s Rotation 11 Mars 1 Mars Mars at Conjunction Every 26 months Earth Typical transit time 8 months Journey to Mars
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Propulsion Requirements
5. Land (-10,000) Mars 4. Mars Orbit (-2,000) 6. Surface Exploration 7. Mars orbit (+10,000 mph) 8. TransEarth Injection (-7,000 mph) Mars Orbit Sun 9. Cruise—no propulsion 3. Cruise—no propulsion 10. Enter Earth orbit (-7,000 mph) Earth Orbit 11. Renter Earth’s atmosphere (-18,000 mph) Earth 1. Earth orbit (+18,000 mph) 2. TransMars Injection (+7,000 mph) Journey to Mars
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How long is a Mars Mission?
Outbound Journey over 200,000,000 miles 3 years round trip most likely scenario Radio communications to Earth takes as long as 20 minutes Journey to Mars
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Phoenix Critical Landing Phase
77 miles 12,750 mph 42,000’ 1,125 mph 639 mph 2,500’ 1,900’ 3.5 mph Journey to Mars
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Journey to Mars
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What will it take for Humans to travel to Mars?
Mars Landing Habitation & Exploration Return Reentry to Earth’s Atmosphere Propulsion Spacecraft Systems Electrical Power Life support for crew Consumables Effect of weightlessness Shielding from radiation Journey to Mars
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Taking it all With You Weight 700 tons (1.4 million pounds)
To Earth orbit equal to 28 Shuttle flights 8 ARES V flights Journey to Mars
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Forming Teams Crew Selection Propulsion Spacecraft Electrical Power
Life support for crew Consumables Effect of weightlessness Shielding from radiation Mars Landing Habitation & Exploration Journey to Mars
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Crew Selection How many persons would comprise your crew?
What would be their areas of expertise? How would you choose them? Journey to Mars
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Propulsion What type of propulsion would you use to make the trip:
Chemical (traditional rocket engines) Nuclear reactor rocket engines Solar sails Ion Electric Why did you choose that system? Journey to Mars
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Life Support How much weight for a three year mission if:
O2 (6 lbs/day) per Crewmember Water (130 vs 3 gals/day) per Crewmember Food (2 lbs/day) per Crewmember What consumables might you be able to get form the Martian environment? How would you handle the weightlessness problem? Journey to Mars
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Spacecraft Electrical Power
How will you provide for the electrical needs of the various onboard systems. Solar cells Fuel cells Nuclear reactor Radioisotopic Thermal Generators Why did you choose that system? Journey to Mars
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Landing on Mars What method or combination of methods might you use:
Aerobraking Parachute Retro-rocket Airbag Why did you choose that method? Journey to Mars
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Habitation & Exploration
How would you house the crew? How would you provide electrical power? What method of ground transport? What three scientific experiments might you perform? Will we find LIFE? Journey to Mars
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What will we Find? Journey to Mars
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Break Work in your teams to answer the questions posed to your team for the next 30 minutes. Appoint a spokesperson to present your solutions to the problems. Journey to Mars
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How Soon Mars? Basic technology is available
Could be launched in 10 years Estimated cost $300 Billion Congress does not consider cost and risk acceptable Current timetable 2037 Journey to Mars
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NASA Budget Journey to Mars
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Are you ready to go? Journey to Mars
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Questions? Journey to Mars
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Mars Phoenix Lander 11/27/2007 Journey to Mars
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Hohmann Transfer Orbit to to Mars
Path of Spacecraft Earth Orbit Mars Orbit Sun Relative position at time of Viking Arrival at Mars Earth’s Rotation Earth Earth Relative position at time of Viking launch Mars Journey to Mars
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