1. World War I and the Russian Revolution (1914–1924)
Lesson 3 World War I Ends

2. World War I and the Russian Revolution (1914–1924)
Lesson 3 World War I Ends
Learning Objectives
Describe how World War I became a total war.
Explain how U.S. entry into the war led to an Allied victory.
List the effects of World War I in terms of financial costs, high casualty rates, and political impact.
Describe the issues at the Paris Peace Conference and the impact of Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
Summarize the terms and impact of the Treaty of Versailles.

3. World War I and the Russian Revolution (1914–1924)
Lesson 3 World War I Ends
Key Terms
total war.
conscription,
contraband,
Lusitania
Propaganda
atrocities,
Fourteen Points,
self-determination,
armistice,
pandemic
reparations,
radicals,
collective security,
mandates,

4. Governments Direct Total War
By 1917, European societies were cracking under the strain of war. Casualties on the fronts and shortages at home sapped morale. The stalemate dragged on, seemingly without end. Soon, however, the departure of one country from the war and the entry of another would tip the balance and end the stalemate.
Total war- channeling of a nation’s entire resources into the war effort.
 To achieve total war, governments began to take a stronger role in directing the economic and cultural lives of their people.
both sides set up systems to recruit, arm, transport, and supply armies that numbered in the millions
All nations except Britain, imposed a conscription (draft) on all young men.
Governments raised taxes, borrowed large amounts of money, rationed food supply, set prices, and forbade strikes.

5. Wartime blockades allowed for confiscation of contraband (military supplies and raw materials), but food and clothing were exempt.
Germany threatened to sink all boats going to Britain (Lusitania).
Total war also meant controlling public opinion.
Special boards censored the press to keep complete casualty figures and other discouraging news from reaching the public.(propoganda)  spreading of ideas to promote a cause or to damage an opposing cause. (atrocities)
 As millions of men left to fight, women took over their jobs and kept national economies going(gave a sense of pride and confidence

6. Governments Direct Total War
Recruiting and Supplying Huge Armies
Blockades and Submarines Impact Economies
The Propaganda War
Women Contribute to the War Effort

7. Governments Direct Total War
When Britain declared war against Germany in August 1914, men rushed to sign up for military service. Here, crowds of hopeful enlistees wait outside a recruiting station in London.

8. Morale Breaks Down
Despite inspiring propaganda, by 1917 the morale of troops and civilians had plunged. Germany was sending 15-year-old recruits to the front, and Britain was on the brink of bankruptcy.
 Long casualty lists, food shortages, and the failure of generals to win promised victories led to calls for peace. 
March 1917, bread riots in St. Petersburg erupted into a revolution that brought down the Russian monarchy.
A second revolution brought V. I. Lenin to power. Lenin had promised to pull Russian troops out of the war.(Treaty of Brest Litovsk)
In the spring of 1918, the Central Powers stood ready to achieve the great breakthrough they had sought for so long, but the U.S. entered the war.

9. Morale Breaks Down War-Weary Civilians and Soldiers
Revolution in Russia

10. Morale Breaks Down
Soldiers ate, slept, fought and died in the trenches. As the war dragged on and casualties mounted, morale was severely tested.

11. The United States Enters the War
Soon after the Russian Revolution began, another event altered the balance of forces. The United States declared war on Germany. Many factors contributed to the decision of the United States to exchange neutrality for war in 1917.
 - Zimmerman wrote that if Mexico joined Germany in the event of war with the United States, Germany would help Mexico “to reconquer the lost territory in New Mexico. (Zimmerman Telegram)
By 1918, about two million American soldiers had joined the war-weary Allied troops fighting on the Western Front. (boosted the morale of the Allies.
Wilson issued the Fourteen Points, a list of his terms for resolving both this war and future wars.

12. The United States Enters the War
Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
Anti-German Sentiment Grows
Wilson Asks for a “War to End War”
Wilson’s Fourteen Points

13. The United States Enters the War
Germany resumed unrestricted submarine warfare in Here, President Wilson reads a German message and ponders what to do. Analyze Political Cartoons What does the overflowing waste basket suggest?

14. The United States Enters the War
Analyze Information Which of Wilson’s Fourteen Points deal with countries having free access to international commerce? Why did Wilson consider this so important?

15. More than 8.5 million men had died in battle.(6 million civilians)
The Great War Ends
A final showdown on the Western Front began in early The Germans badly wanted to achieve a major victory before eager American troops arrived in Europe.
In November of 1918, Kaiser William II stepped down as leader of Germany, which led to an armistice (agreement to end fighting)
On November A.M. the new German government signed an armistice.
More than 8.5 million men had died in battle.(6 million civilians)
More than twice that number had been wounded, many of them disabled for life.
Under the stress of war, governments had collapsed in Russia, Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman empire
African and Asian soldiers had discovered that the imperial powers were not as invincible as they seemed.

16. The Great War Ends Final Offensives Germany Asks for Peace
The Human Toll
The Economic Toll
The Political Toll

17. The Great War Ends
A London crowd celebrates the end of the Great War. Similar scenes occurred in the United States and other Allied countries.

18. The Great War Ends
World War I ended in 1918, but its human and economic costs would be felt for decades. Many nations had thrown all their resources into the fight, and their losses were staggering.

19. Germany had to accept full blame for causing the war.
Making the Peace
Just weeks after the war ended, President Wilson boarded a steamship bound for France. He had decided to go in person to Paris, where Allied leaders would make the peace. Wilson was certain that he could bring a “just peace” to the world. “Tell me what is right,” Wilson urged his advisors, “and I’ll fight for it.”
- The Central Powers and Russia, under its new communist government, were not allowed to take part in the negotiations.
Wilson (U.S.), George (U.K.), and Clemenceau (France) dominated the Peace Conference.
The Treaty of Versailles In June 1919, the Allies ordered representatives of the new German Republic to sign the treaty they had drawn up at the palace of Versailles (vur sy) outside Paris.
Germany had to accept full blame for causing the war.
German resentment of the Treaty of Versailles would poison the international climate for 20 years. It would help spark an even deadlier world war in the years to come.

20. Making the Peace
German resentment of the Treaty of Versailles would poison the international climate for 20 years. It would help spark an even deadlier world war in the years to come.

21. Making the Peace Allies Have Conflicting Goals Obstacles to Settlement
The Treaty of Versailles

22. Making the Peace
Delegates gathered in Paris in 1919 to discuss peace terms. The treaty between the Allies and Germany was signed in June in the Hall of Mirrors, shown here, at the palace of Versailles.

23. The leaders at Paris applied self-determination only to Europe.
Effects of the Peace Settlements
The Allies drew up separate treaties with the other Central Powers. These treaties redrew the map of Eastern Europe and affected colonial peoples around the globe. Like the Treaty of Versailles, these treaties left widespread dissatisfaction.
New Nations: Poland, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Czechoslovakia, Austria, and Hungary.
The leaders at Paris applied self-determination only to Europe.
Outside Europe, the victorious Allies added to their overseas empires.
The treaties created a system of mandates, territories administered by Western powers.
Many countries were discontented with the treaty.
40 countries joined the League of Nations (U.S. Senate voted against American

24. (U.S. Senate voted against American participation>)
Effects of the Peace Settlements
(U.S. Senate voted against American participation>)
The league created an international organization dedicated to maintaining peace and advancing the interests of all peoples

25. Effects of the Peace Settlements
New Nations in Europe
The Mandate System
Widespread Discontent
The League of Nations

26. Effects of the Peace Settlements
Analyze Maps Based on this map and the text, why were many Germans unhappy with the territorial changes that occurred after World War I?

27. Effects of the Peace Settlements
Delegates attend the first meeting of the League of Nations on December 4, 1920, in the Hall of Reformation in Geneva, Switzerland.

28. Quiz: Governments Direct Total War
Which of the following examples is a characteristic of total war?
A. The press is censored to control public opinion.
B. A stalemate bogs down the war for an extended time.
C. Factories scale back on production to save energy for the war effort.
D. Governments loosen economic controls.

29. Quiz: Morale Breaks Down
What is the meaning of Siegfried Sassoon’s poem in this reading?
A. It’s important for the citizens at home to support the troops as they leave for battle.
B. Cheering is one way that people can help boost troop morale.
C. It’s easy to cheer for young troops and not think of the horrors they will face .
D. A good soldier understands that war is the time to put his youth behind him.

30. Quiz: The United States Enters the War
Which of the following is a key goal of Wilson’s Fourteen Points?
A. establishing spheres of influence
B. supporting free trade
C. maintaining isolation
D. honoring secret treaties

31. Quiz: The Great War Ends
Why did Germany ask the Allies for an armistice in November 1918?
A. Germany was exhausted and could not hold out against fresh troops from the United States.
B. Germany wanted to direct all of its resources on the Eastern front against Russia.
C. The Allies had assured Germany that a peace settlement would favor Germany.
D. Germany agreed to an armistice only until war could be resumed.

32. Quiz: Making the Peace
How did the Treaty of Versailles create a climate that might cause another war in Europe?
A. The Central Powers and Russia were secretly planning to disrupt the peace talks.
B. Germany was forced to accept harsh treaty terms and might use force to undo the treaty or seek revenge.
C. The Allies held Russia in contempt for negotiating its own peace with Germany and might seek war to punish Russia.
D. France was dissatisfied with the terms of the treaty and might go to war against the Central Powers to win better terms.

33. Quiz: Effects of the Peace Settlements
Which of the following was a violation of Wilson’s Fourteen Points?
A. formation of the League of Nations
B. establishment of the mandate system
C. creation of Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia
D. end of European imperialism