1. Bureaucracy

5. Bureaucratic Red Tape
Red tape: comes from the ribbon used by civil servants in Britain to tie up legal document.
Red Tape is often used to describe the amount of hassle citizens encounter when dealing with government.

7. Is “Red Tape” making it harder for small businesses to be successful?

8. Myths of Bureaucracy Some Bureaucratic Myths and Realities
Myth: Americans dislike bureaucrats.
Americans are generally satisfied with bureaucrats.
Myth: Bureaucracies are growing bigger each year.
Not in the federal bureaucracy
but perhaps a growth in the roles of “shadow bureaucrats”—private, contracted out work rather than govt employees
EG: Blackwater and Halliburton in Iraq.
Myth: Most federal bureaucrats work in Washington, D.C.
Only about percent do
Myth: Bureaucracies are ineffective, inefficient, and always mired in red tape.
No more so than private businesses
Office space

9. Do you like…..
…that the airline travel is regulated and attempts are made to be secure?
FAA in the Department of Transportation and Transportation Security Administration (TSA) in the Department of Homeland Security
…that plane crashes and highway crashes are investigated in order to prevent future occurrences?
National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB)
….that pharmaceutical drugs have to go through clinical trials and quality control regulation before being allowed on the market for consumers?
FDA in the Department of Health and Human Services
….that we have a military that can pound anyone into submission?
Department of Defense

10. Do you like….
…that there are laws that regulate safety standards in the workplace to prevent injury and illness?
Occupational Safety and Health Administration in the Department of Labor (OSHA)
…that food safety and quality is regulated by law
FDA in the Department of Health and Human Services and Department of Agriculture
…being able to go to National Parks like Yellowstone, Denali, or Yosemite
National Park Service within the Department of the Interior
…knowing that air quality is regulated and attempts are made to prevent industry from polluting the environment?
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
…that research is conducted on disease protection and outbreak?
Center for Disease Control (CDC) under the Department of HHS

11. What is a Bureaucracy?
Classic conception of bureaucracy (Max Weber)—a complex, hierarchical structure characterized by divided labor and top down authority exercised over a large workforce.
Governments
Colleges/University
School Districts
Corporations

12. What does the Bureaucracy do?
Functions of the bureaucracy:
Implementation (execution) of policy
Executive Departments, State Department, Energy Department, Justice Department, FEMA—agency in the Department of Homeland Security, CIA.
Administration of services, collecting fees, issuing permits, conducting research, etc.
Social Security Administration, Office of Personnel Management (hires civil service), General Services Administration (govt. properties and records), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), National Archives and Records Administration (NARA)
Regulation to independently serve the public good to ensure industry is inline with policy—the is reflected in their “RULE-MAKING” power
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB), FCC, FEC, Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)
Hybrids: Food and Drug Administration (FDA, hybrid b/c it is not independent but rather in the Department of Health and Human Services, same as FAA in the Department of Transportation )
Elements within the Bureaucracy can also serve as Government Corporations
FDIC, Amtrak (National Railroad Passenger Corporation), U.S. Postal Service, Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, Center for Public Broadcasting (PBS, NPR)
quasi-public Corporations: Federal Reserve Board—central banking system

13. Example: Corporation for Public Broadcasting (CPB)
The CPB was created in 1967 under the Johnson administration.
In 1969 decided to start its own network, the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS).
The CPB annual budget is funded by both private and federal appropriations adding up to $480.4 million and contributions from viewers to maintain commercial free programming.
The CPB has nine board members who serve six-year terms and are selected by the President of the United States and confirmed by the Senate. The White House cannot appoint persons of the same political party to more than 5 of the 9 CPB board seats.

14. Who are bureaucrats?
Bureaucrat: Career government employee. It refers to those who work in government who are non-elected and non-appointed.
employees
Today--2.7 million workers civilian
1 out of 100 Americans work for government bureaucracy
Examples
U.S. State Department, U.S. Department of Defense
US Postal Service
Amtrak
Corporation for Public Broadcasting
Securities and Exchange Commission
National Aeronautics and Space Administration

15. Running the Government: The Chief Executive
As Chief Executive, the president presides over the administration of government.
Today, federal bureaucracy spends $2-4 trillion a year and numbers more than 4 million employees (military included).
Presidents appoint 500 high-level positions and 6,500 lesser jobs.

16. Political Appointees as Bureaucrats
Political Appointees (about 7000 in total)
Federal Jobs NOT based necessarily on merit: Recruiting from the Plum Book
Lists the very top jobs available for Presidential appointment
Presidents work to find capable people to fill the positions.
Some plum jobs (ambassadorships) are patronage.
Downside: no job security

17. The Civil Service Bureaucrats
Who They Are and How They Got There
Civil Service: From Patronage to Merit Based
Patronage: jobs handed out to political supporters
“Spoils system” – created by Andrew Jackson, each President turned over the bureaucracy
Pendleton Act (1883) - Created in response to criticism of patronage, more jobs will be selected based on merit (competence)
MOST bureaucratic jobs are based on merit, NOT patronage
Merit Principle: entrance exams and promotion ratings to find people with talent and skill (85% of civil service jobs)

19. Rules for Bureaucrats:
Hatch Act (1939): prohibits government employees from active participation in partisan politics
Cannot be fired for political views, only performance (not applied to political appointees)
May not be engaged in political partisanship while administering the duties of their job
May express opinions about candidates and issues
May register in a party
May assist in voter registration off-work
May participate in campaigning off-work
May fundraise, but not use work place to solicit
May not be a candidate in a partisan election
May unionize (National Federation of Federal Employees)

20. Bureaucratic Pay Scale
Grade
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Step 5
Step 6
Step 7
Step 8
Step 9
Step 10
WITHIN GRADE AMOUNTS 1
17803
18398
18990
19579
20171
20519
21104
21694
21717
22269
VARIES 2
20017
20493
21155
21961
22607
23253
23899
24545
25191 3
21840
22568
23296
24024
24752
25480
26208
26936
27664
28392
728 4
24518
25335
26152
26969
27786
28603
29420
30237
31054
31871
817 5
27431
28345
29259
30173
31087
32001
32915
33829
34743
35657
914 6
30577
31596
32615
33634
34653
35672
36691
37710
38729
39748
1019 7
33979
35112
36245
37378
38511
39644
40777
41910
43043
44176
1133 8
37631
38885
40139
41393
42647
43901
45155
46409
47663
48917
1254 9
41563
42948
44333
45718
47103
48488
49873
51258
52643
54028
1385 10
45771
47297
48823
50349
51875
53401
54927
56453
57979
59505
1526 11
50287
51963
53639
55315
56991
58667
60343
62019
63695
65371
1676 12
60274
62283
64292
66301
68310
70319
72328
74337
76346
78355
2009 13
71674
74063
76452
78841
81230
83619
86008
88397
90786
93175
2389 14
84697
87520
90343
93166
95989
98812
101635
104458
107281
110104
2823 15
99628
102949
106270
109591
112912
116233
119554
122875
126196
129517
3321
Bureaucratic Pay Scale

21. Evolution and Organization of the National Bureaucracy
5 main types of Establishments in the Executive Branch: 1. Departments (largest) 2. Independent Administrative Agencies 3. Independent Regulatory Commissions 4. Government Corporations 5. Agencies in the EOP (OMB, NSC, and CEA)

22. The Federal Bureaucracy Executive Departments
The day-to-day implementation, enforcement and administration of federal laws is in the hands of the various federal executive departments, created by Congress to deal with specific areas of national and international affairs.
The heads of the 15 departments, chosen by the President and approved with the "advice and consent" of the U.S. Senate, form a council of advisors generally known as the President's "Cabinet".
Departments and executive agencies can only be created by Congress (example, Department of Homeland Security in 2002)
The Cabinet Departments
15 Cabinet departments headed by a 14 secretaries and 1 Attorney General
Each has its own budget, staff and policy areas
They serve at “the pleasure of the President” and can be removed at the President’s discretion unlike members of Independent Executive Agencies which require cause.

25. Department Breakdown

26. President’s Cabinet

27. Department Name
Date Created
Budget in Billions of Dollars (FY2013)
# of Workers
State
1789
51.6
30, 266
Treasury
2.9
115,897
Defense
1947
524.4
3,000,000
Justice
1870
27.1
112,557
Interior
1849
11.5
71,436
Agriculture
1889 23
109,832
Commerce
1903 8
36,000
Labor
1913 12
17,419
HHS
1953
940.9
67,000
HUD
1965
44.8
10,600
Transportation
1966 74
58,622
Energy
1977
27.2
116,100
Education
1979
69.8
4,487 VA
1989 64
235,000
Homeland Security
2002 59
208,000