1. Other Network Architecture
Chapter 6
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Chapter 7

2. Chapter Objectives - I Explain token ring topology
Explain token bus topology
Differentiate between token ring, token bus and Ethernet
Explain FDDI
Describe signaling and connection standards
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Chapter 7

3. Chapter Objectives - II
Understand ATM
Explain AppleTalk
Explain ARCNET
Explain MAN systems, SMDS and DQDB
Describe Ethernet alternatives
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Chapter 7

4. Recall
10Base-T is the most commonly used Ethernet standard, which provide transmission speed up to 10 Mbps.
The rule is designed for the number of repeaters and segments on shared access.
High speed Ethernet standards are:
Fast Ethernet (100Base Ethernet)
Gigabit Ethernet
10-Gigabit Ethernet
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5. Explain token ring using CBT
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6. Token Ring - I Token Ring is a network architecture developed by IBM
Also known as IEEE 802.5
Uses logical ring topology
Multiple MAUs can be connected to extend the ring
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7. Token Ring - II
Data transfer is facilitated with the help of token passing mechanism
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8. Token Ring - III Speed is either 4 or 16 Mbps
Performance is significantly faster than Ethernet networks
Uses physical star topology
Hides logical ring inside a hub, known as Multistation Access Unit (MAU)
Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) or Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) cables are used connect nodes to the hub
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9. Token Ring - IV Advantages: Disadvantages:
Data collision does not occur
Every station is allowed to transmit data
Time required to carry the amount of data can be calculated
Minimum cable requirement
Disadvantages:
System collapses if links between nodes are malfunctioning
No alternative link to transmit the data
Data transmission is through single direction
Performance degrades when junk data is transmitted
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10. Token Ring Vs Ethernet Token Ring Ethernet
Token Ring network uses token passing mechanism.
Ethernet network use CSMA/CD mechanism.
Physical star topology is used.
Any topology can be used as physical topology.
Defined by IEEE standard.
Defined by IEEE standard.
Devices in token ring may transmit only at specific time.
Devices can transmit as soon as the medium is free.
Support heavy network traffic and maintains the network performance.
The performance of the Ethernet network degrades as network traffic increases.
Token Ring network is deterministic.
Ethernet network is not deterministic as token ring.
Token ring network provides bandwidth efficiency up to 90%.
Ethernet network provides bandwidth efficiency up to 40%.
The network setup and maintenance of token ring is expensive than Ethernet.
The cost of network equipment is lower for Ethernet.
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11. Token Bus Defined by IEEE 802.4 Uses bus topology as physical topology
Token passing mechanism is used for data transfer like token ring
Token is passed over a virtual ring within network
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12. Token Ring Vs Token Bus Token Ring Token Bus Designed for offices.
Designed for large factories.
Star topology is used as physical topology.
Bus topology is used as physical topology.
A token is passed over the physical ring itself.
A virtual ring is formed over which the token is passed.
Defined by IEEE standard.
Defined by IEEE standard
In Token ring the maximum time that a token will take to reach the end station can be calculated.
In Token Bus network the maximum time that a token will take to reach the end station cannot be calculated.
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13. Explain fiber LAN and FDDI using CBT
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14. Fiber LAN
Uses different types of fiber optic cables for interconnection
Types of Fast Ethernet standards which use fiber optic cables:
100BASE-FX – Uses two filaments of multi-mode optical fiber cable. Maximum cable length is 400m
100BASE-SX – Uses two filaments of multi-mode optical fiber cable. Maximum cable length is 300m
100BASE-BX – Uses single-mode fiber optic cable
FDDI – Supports 100 Mbps data rate over fiber optic cables
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15. Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI)
Provides high performance and multiple stations networking
Widely used in Metropolitan Area network
Based on token ring architecture
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16. FDDI – Network Model FDDI stations: FDDI concentrators:
Single–Attached Station – Connected through a single connector called S-port
Dual–Attached Station – Connected through A-port and B-port
FDDI concentrators:
Single–Attached Concentrator – Connected to the FDDI network through a single connector
Dual–Attached Concentrator – Connected to the FDDI network through A-port and B-port
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17. FDDI – Devices The connectors used in FDDI are unique
Every FDDI device requires two connectors to support two rings
Using fiber optic cabling, FDDI segments could reach up to two kilometers between systems, with a maximum ring size of 100 kilometers
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18. FDDI – Failure Recovery
Wrapping Process – Modify the structure of the network to recover from failure
Recovers network connectivity on failure of FDDI station
Recovers network connectivity on failure of cables between any two FDDI stations
Optical Bypass switch – Maintain the network connectivity by providing an optical connection that bypasses the failed station
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19. Copper Distributed Data Interface (CDDI)
Version of FDDI
Uses twisted-pair copper cable instead of fiber optic cable
Supports 100 Mbps DTR and 100m segment length
Official name - Twisted-Pair Physical Medium-Dependent (TP-PMD)
Only two types of cables are supported by ANSI standard for CDDI:
150 Ohm STP
CAT5 UTP
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20. Signaling and Connection Standards
Ensure that equipments to be used for creating networks can work together
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21. Case Study
The accounts department of Money Maker Bank in Mumbai is integrated using FDDI technology. One of the computers have become non functional and a segment of cable has worn out. The computer needs to be isolated from the network and the connectivity of the network needs to be maintained.
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22. Unable to identify failure recovery method
Problem
Unable to identify failure recovery method
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23. Suggested Solution
Use of optical bypass switches is needed to isolate the computer from the network. The cable fault can be rectified with wrapping.
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24. Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
Network protocol which converts the data traffic into stream of fixed size cell before transmission
Designed to transfer data simultaneously from multiple sources
Can be employed in both LAN and WAN environments
Can provide a maximum data speed of 622 Mbps
A high speed transfer technology for voice, video and data over public networks
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25. ATM – Protocol Reference Model
ATM protocol reference model describes the functions of different types of layers and organizational units that act on data when it is transmitted using ATM technology.
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26. ATM – Performance
Throughput – Rate at which ATM cells depart from the ATM switch
Connection Blocking Probability – Defines the probability of Non-availability of enough resources for generating physical connections between inlet and outlet
Cell Loss Probability – Defines a no. of data cell that can be handled by a switch queue
Switching Delay – Time required for cell to pass through the ATM switch
Cell Delay Variation – Probability that the switching delay of the ATM switch exceeds the certain value
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27. AppleTalk
AppleTalk protocol suite was developed by Apple Computers for use on Macintosh computers
Developed to allow the multiple users to share resources
AppleTalk protocol suite is also compatible with Ethernet, Token Ring and FDDI network architectures
AppleTalk is an early implementation of distributed client-server networking system
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28. AppleTalk – Network Components
Sockets – Location in AppleTalk node which is recognized by a unique address
Nodes – Device which is a part of an AppleTalk network e.g. computer, printer or router
Networks – Consists of a cable with multiple nodes connected to the cable
Zones – Constitutes a group of nodes and network which are logically associated
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29. AppleTalk – Network Address
AppleTalk uses addressing to identify and recognize every device on a network similar to other common protocols
Address is broadcast to all other nodes to determine whether it has been already utilized
Fields in AppleTalk network address:
Network number
Node number
Socket number
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30. LocalTalk
LocalTalk is obsolete but its relation to Appletalk, a popular piece of networking software is found on every Apple brand computer
Supported by AppleTalk network protocol for Macintosh computers
Implemented at the data link-layer
Uses network bus topology
Cost effective solutionfor connecting local workgroups
Allows 32 active nodes within 300m area
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31. ARCNET Attached Resource Computer NETwork (ARCNET)
First LAN system introduced by Datapoint Corporation
Uses a Token Passing bus structure similar to Token Ring
255 nodes per network and supports speed up to 20 Mbps
Supports segment length up to 600 meters
Still it is popular in robotics and industrial controls markets
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32. ARCNET – Devices
Active Hub – Collection of 8 or 16 ports and use BNC female connectors for connecting devices. Isolates the port electrically
Passive Hub – Splits signals and consists of 4 ports
ARCNET Card - Different types of network interface card (NIC) can be used depending upon the type of network topology
BNC Terminator – Prevent signal reflection in network
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33. ARCNET - Cables Coaxial Cable – Uses RG62 coaxial cable
Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) – Uses RJ11 or RJ45 connectors and maximum segment length is 400m
Fiber Optic – Uses both SM and MM fibre cable
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34. MAN and show the diagrams of SMDS and DQDB from CBT
MAN connects different LANs
Cover large distances to function across city
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35. Switched Multimegabit Data Service (SMDS)
High speed packet-switched MAN technology used for communication over public data networks (PDNs)
SMDS is the first broadband service that was provided to the public
Packets transferred are of variable length and contains the source and destination address
Standard speed is 45 Mbps
Uses a connectionless service and less expensive as compared to leased line
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36. SMDS Network Components
Provide high-speed data transmission service
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37. IEEE 802.6 Standard Mainly developed for MANs
Uses the Distributed Queue Dual Bus (DQDB) network form
DQDB is Data-link layer communication protocol
Used for data, voice and video transmission based on cell switching technology
DQDB can cover distance up to 30 miles and supports transfer rate ranging from 34 Mbps to 154 Mbps
DQDB consists of two unidirectional buses
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38. Alternatives to Ethernet
Sometimes it is impossible to run Ethernet cabling so “no new wire” networking technologies can be used
In alternatives to Ethernet two or more computers can be connected into a LAN without running a wire
Three networking technologies are:
Wireless LANs
Phone line networks
Power line networks
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39. Wireless LANs
Wireless networks enable the user to move around the house and use the computer.
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40. Phone Line Networks - I
Phone line networks provide satisfactory performance at a much lower cost than wireless systems.
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41. Phone Line Networks II Carries data at the rate of 1 or 10 Mbps
Intel’s AnyPoint are used in this network
Computers are interconnected through parallel port
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42. Explain power line network using CBT
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43. Power Line Networks
Power Line Networks are attached to the PC through parallel port and by using existing wiring to carry networking data
Use radio signals which are easily affected by interference
Offer performance of 350 Kbps
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44. Summary - I
The network arrangement and data communication is given by logical topology
Token ring and token bus are the two logical topologies
A token passing mechanism is used in both token ring and token bus
100Base-FX, 100 Base SX and 100BaseBX and FDDI are types of fiber LAN
Single-attached station (SAS) and Dual-attached station (DAS) are the different types of FDDI stations
SAS is connected to the FDDI network through a single connector called S-port
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45. Summary - II
Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) network protocol converts data into a stream of fixed size cell before transmission
Apple Computers has designed a protocol suite known as AppleTalk
The network components of AppleTalk are sockets, nodes, network and zones
Attached Resource Computer NETwork (ARCNET), the first LAN system and supports up to 255 nodes
The different types of devices used in ARCnet are, active hub, passive hub, ARCnet card and BNC terminator
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46. Summary - III
The most prominently used type of cabling for ARCnet are, coaxial cables, UTP and fiber optic
Point-to-point, distributed star, bus, daisy chain are the different topologies which are suitable for ARCnet
MAN uses Switched Multimegabit Data Service (SMDS) and Distributed Queue Dual Bus (DQDB) systems
SMDS is a connectionless, high speed packet-switched technology used for communication over public networks
DQDB is a Data-link layer communication protocol
IEEE standard uses DQDB network form
The Ethernet alternatives are, Wireless LANs, Phone line networks and Power line networks
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