1. Foundations of Civilization
Chapter Focus:
What was life like in early times and how did it change as civilization began to develop?

2. Studying the Historical Past
Understanding Our Past* Focus: What have scholars learned about the ancestors of humans and how have they done so?*
Studying the Historical Past
Historians: scholars who study and write about the historical past*
Artifacts: objects made by humans (clothing, tools weapons, art)*
Written evidence (letters, tax records)*

3. 1.1 Two Categories of History:
Prehistory:
Time before the invention of writing*
Written history:
Time when recorded history began*
~ 5,000 years ago

4. Anthropology Archaeology
1.1 Prehistory
Anthropology
The study of people and the development of their societies*
Bones – physical traits
Culture: way of life of a society, including its beliefs, values, and practices*
Archaeology
The study of past people and cultures through their material remains*
Buildings or artifacts

6. 1.1 Discoveries Mary & Louis Leakey
Discover ancient tools in Oldulvai Gorge, a canyon in Tanzania, Africa*
Date million years ago
echnology:
The skills and tools people use to meet their basic needs and wants*

7. 1.1 Discoveries
Hominid
Includes humans and their closest relatives, all walk upright on two feet*
Opposable thumbs*
1959
Mary Leakey finds skull of early hominid
1974
Donald Johanson
Discovered the first skeleton of an early hominid in Ethiopia*
Named Lucy *- ~3 million years ago

9. Prehistory* 2 Time Periods* Old Stone Age* New Stone Age*
1.2 – Turning Point: The Neolithic Revolution* Focus: How was the introduction of agriculture a turning point in prehistory?*
Prehistory*
2 Time Periods*
Old Stone Age*
New Stone Age*

10. 1.2 Old Stone Age – Paleolithic Period*
Nomads
People who move from place to place to find food*
Characteristics: 7*
20-30 people
Hunter-gatherers
Tools & weapons (stone,bone,wood)
Use fire
Develop spoken language
Travel across water (~40,000 years ago)
Religious – bury their dead – life after death
Animism – belief that spirits & forces reside in animals, objects or dreams*

12. 1.2 New Stone Age – Neolithic Period*(10,000 BC to end of prehistory)
Neolithic Revolution: transition from nomadic life to settled farming*
Learn to farm**no need to travel in search of food*
First permanent villages
Advances in technology and culture
First to domesticate plants & animals*
Raise in a controlled way that makes them suited to human use*
Plants – seeds scattered
Animals – use for food, skins, or for benefits (milk,eggs)
Farming began at different times around the world
Plant & animal domestication varied by location

13. Characteristics of Settled Villages*
1.2 Neolithic Villages
Characteristics of Settled Villages*
Work divided by gender and age*
Men dominate family, economy, politics*
Warfare (food scarce) – warrior prestige
Accumulate personal property – social status
Technology
First calendars (plant & harvest)
Animals to work fields
Workshops – pottery, tools, clothing

14. First Cities and Civilizations Arise*
1.3 – Beginnings of Civilizations* Focus: How did the world’s first civilizations arise and develop?*
First Cities and Civilizations Arise*
Located near major rivers*
Water supply
Transportation
Food
Favored farming – silt renews soil
Conditions
Provide a surplus of food – more than is necessary*
Support larger population* – villages grow into cities

16. 1.3 First Cities and Civilizations Arise
Civilization – complex, highly organized social order*
The first civilizations develop in 4 river valleys*
Sumer – Tigris & Euphrates Rivers in the Middle East*
Egypt – Nile River*
India – Indus River*
Shang China – Huang River*

17. 1.3 First Cities and Civilizations Arise
Cities differ from traditional economies:*
Rely on habit, custom, or ritual and tends not to change over time*
Continue to hunt & gather food and live in farm villages
Steppes – dry grasslands*
Nomadic herders tend cattle, sheep, goats, etc.

18. 1.3 Civilization
Features of Civilization (7)
Organized Governments*
Production of food
Projects: canals, irrigation ditches
Laws, taxes, defense

19. 1.3 Features of Civilization
Complex Religions*
Polytheistic – belief in many gods*
Ceremonies, dances, prayers, hymns
Job Specialization*
Each worker focuses on one particular job*
Artisan – skilled craftspeople*
Merchants, dancers, soldiers

20. 1.3 Features of Civilization
Social Classes*
Ranked by job*
Priests & Nobles
Wealthy Merchants
Artisans
Peasant Farmers
Slaves

21. 1.3 Features of Civilization
Arts & Architecture*
Express talents, beliefs, and values
Public Works*
Irrigation systems, roads, bridges, defense walls

22. 1.3 Features of Civilization
Writing*
Pictographs – simple drawings that look like the objects they represent*
Scribes – trained to read, write, and keep records*

23. Empire – group of states or territories controlled by one ruler*
1.3 Civilizations Change
Environment
Natural Disaster
Cultural Diffusion – spread of ideas, customs, and technologies from one group to another
Migration, trade, warfare*
City-state – political unit that includes a city and its surrounding lands and villages*
Empire – group of states or territories controlled by one ruler*