1. 11. PETROLEUM, NATURAL GAS, COAL, & MINERAL DEPOSITS
1. ENERGY RESOURCES (Fossil fuels, geothermal, nuclear)
1.1. Fossil Fuels
Energy resources that have formed as the result of the burial and subsequent transformation of organic material.
Major Fossil Fuels: Oil (Petroleum), Coal, Natural gas

2. PETROLEUM- WHAT IS IT? Crude oil
Petroleum (Rock oil) is a naturally occurring, flammable liquid found in rocks.
Complex mixture of hydrocarbons (C5H12 to C18H38) & trace amounts of N and S.
may also be found in semi-solid form mixed with sand (oil sand), (e.g. Canada, Venezuela)
Crude oil
Oil sand
Crude oil 2

3. OIL SAND
It takes two tons of oil sand - a mix of bitumen, sand, clay and water - to make one barrel of oil.
Bitumen is upgraded on site or piped further south in Alberta or to the USA, where it is refined into fuels etc.
A worker with a handful of black, sticky oil sand

4. USES OF PETROLEUM
84% by volume of the hydrocarbons present in petroleum is converted into energy-rich fuels such as gasoline, diesel, jet, heating, and other fuel oils.
The 16% not used for energy production is the raw material for many chemical products, including pharmaceuticals, solvents, fertilizers, pesticides, and plastics.

5. THE PROCESS OF OIL & GAS FORMATION

6. TEMPERATURE CONDITIONS AT WHICH DIFFERENT HYDROCARBONS FORM
OIL
T = oC
Natural Gas
T = oC .

7. THE PROCESS OF ACCUMULATION OF PETROLEUM7

9. (2013) US Energy Information Administration (EIA)

10. Shale Gas Formations in the United States

11. HOW LONG WILL IT LAST? Known reserves of petroleum: 1.67 tbl
Consumption: 86 million barrels/day
At 2012 consumption levels, petroleum reserves would be gone by the year 2065.
1,668,929,000,000 barrels =19,406 days
86,000,000 barrels/day
19,406 /365 = 53 years
= 2065
Factors which may extend or reduce this estimate : increasing demand for petroleum in China & India; new discoveries; new extraction techniques (e.g. fracking), and energy conservation & the use of alternative energy resources.

12. COAL
Coal beds
Peat
Anthracite
Lignite
Bituminous Coal

13. THE PROCESS OF FORMING COAL
Peat Coal
T= oC
Peat  Coal
T= oC
Compacted & partly decayed plants transform into peat
Formed from the remains of plants that lived thousands to millions of years ago.
Composition of coal: C & trace amounts of S, N, Hg.

14. COAL FIELDS OF THE USA
Btu: British thermal unit

15. IN WHICH CLASSES OF ROCKS DO FOSSIL FUELS OCCUR?
Sedimentary: Most fossil fuels occur in sedimentary rocks
Igneous: Due to the extremely high T involved in the formation of igneous rocks, the fossil fuels get cooked and vaporize.
Metamorphic: Fossil fuels vaporize due to the high T during metamorphism; anthracite coal is a metamorphic rock.

16.
4 min
1.2. GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
Energy produced by tapping natural underground reservoirs of steam and hot water (300°F to 700°F).

17. Aluto–Langano discharging well, ETH

18.
9.5 MIN 1 2 3
Imperial Valley
Basic info on geothermal energy

19. Geothermal Power Capacity by State, 2000 (USGS)

20. 1.3. NUCLEAR ENERGY Nuclear Power Plant at Salem, New Jersey.
Cooling Tower
Containment bldgs with Nuclear Reactors inside
Nuclear Power Plant at Salem, New Jersey.
Nuclear power meets about one-third of NJ’s electricity needs.

21. US NUCLEAR PLANTS

22. *
Rancho Seco
Immediate Operation Use
[Operational]

23. San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station (SONGS)
Operated by Southern California Edison (SCE) in San Diego County, has two units (Units 2 and 3). Unit 1 was retired in As of June 2013, SCE in the process of developing a plan for decommissioning.

24. WHAT IS NUCLEAR ENERGY? Nuclear energy:
Energy released by nuclear fission or fusion
Nuclear fission
Splitting of an atomic nucleus into two smaller fragments, accompanied by the release of a large amount of energy
Nuclear fusion
Joining of two lightweight atomic nuclei into a single, heavier nucleus, accompanied by the release of a large amount of energy

25. Uranium ore
Uranium mining in Wyoming was formerly a much larger industry than it is today. Wyoming once had many operating uranium mines, and still has the largest known uranium ore reserves of any state in the U.S. At the end of 2008, the state had estimated reserves dependent on price: 539 million pounds of uranium oxide at $50 per pound, and 1,227 million pounds at $100 per pound.
The Wyoming uranium mining industry was hard-hit in the 1980s by the drop in the price of uranium. When the uranium price dropped, the uranium-mining boom town of Jeffrey City lost 95% of its population in three years

26. 26

27. PRODUCTS OF ENRICHMENT
Uranium dioxide pellets, held in a gloved hand, contain about 3-5% of 235U, the fission fuel in a nuclear reactor.
Each pellet contains the energy equivalent of one ton of coal. 27

28. HOW IS ELECTRICITY PRODUCED?
Pressurized water reactor
Fission of 235U occurs in the reactor vessel
The fission process is accompanied by heat; this heats-up the water to ~293oC in the reactor vessel, used to produce steam in the steam generator
The steam drives a turbine to generate electricity
The steam leaves the turbine & is pumped through a condenser (to convert it back to liquid) before returning to the steam generator
Hot water from the condenser is pumped to a cooling tower to control excess heat

29. 2. MINERAL RESOURCES Ores of Copper Native Gold on Quartz
Ore: mineral from which one or more commercial elements can be extracted profitably.
Ores of Copper
Native Gold
on Quartz
Ores of various elements

30. ECONOMIC CONCENTRATION FACTORS* OF SOME COMMERCIALLY IMPORTANT ELEMENTS
In order for a deposit to form, processes must bring about a localized enrichment of one or more minerals.

31. EXPLORATION TECHNIQUES FOR MINERAL DEPOSITS
Integrated Survey involves:
Geological mapping
Geochemical analysis
Geophysical survey

32. WILL WE RUN OUT OF IMPORTANT METALS?