1. New Civilizations in Eastern and Western Hemispheres
2200 – 250 BCE

2. Development of Early China, 2000-250 BCE

3. Early China, 2000 – 221 BCE
Composed of Two (2) major geographical regions
West and Northwest
Steppe, Desert, High Plateau
Eastern Zone
Fertile land, more suitable for agriculture

4. Early China, 2000 – 221 BCE Geographic isolation made for slow trade
Trade facilitated through the
Yellow and Yangzi Rivers

6. Early China, 2000 – 221 BCE
Agriculture forces early population shifts from the drier, Northern Plains to the warmer, Southern lands.
Monsoons bring adequate rainfall in summer

7. Early China, 2000 – 221 BCE
As population shifts we see a shift in food production
Millet and Wheat (North)
Rice (South—able to be farmed due to rivers—Yangzi River Valley and monsoons)

8. Shang Period, 1750 – 1027 BCE
Origins in the Yellow River Valley - later expands to include Mongolia, Gansu, and the Yangzi Valley

9. Politics of Shang Warrior Aristocracy
Enjoyed warfare, hunting, exchanging of gifts, feasting, and wine-filled revelry
King and Court make up core of the state
Aristocrats serve as generals, ambassadors, and supervisors
Rule of far off regions was by native rulers whom swore allegiance to the Shang

10. Politics and Religion
Walled cities serve as centers of politics and religion
Palaces, royal tombs, shrines, houses of nobility, administrative centers

11. Politics and Religion
King is seen as an intermediary between people and gods
Worshipped spirits of their male ancestors
Sacrifice was often conducted to determine the will of the gods

12. Innovation in Shang Writing (pictograms) Metalworking
Hundreds of symbols represent the sounds of syllables
Still in use today
Oracle Bones
Metalworking
Bronze was a sign of wealth
Artisans made weapons, chariot fittings, musical instruments, ritual vessels
Horse-drawn chariot
Use of draft animals (Water Buffalo)

13. Exploring Divination Read: Divination in Ancient Societies (p.42-43)
Can you think of any modern day examples of divination?
Can you make connections to your own experiences?

14. Zhou Period, 1027 – 221 BCE
Defeat of the last Shang King leads to the development of the Zhou
Longest lasting line of dynasties in Chinese history

15. Zhou Politics and Religion
Developed the “Mandate of Heaven”
Performance based rule
Explanation for rebellion, civil war, natural disasters
Chief Deity Heaven
Monarch Son of Heaven
Rule of the Monarch Mandate of Heaven
Begins the “Dynastic Cycle”

16. Western and Eastern Zhou Periods
Western Zhou Era (11th to 9th Centuries BCE)
Zhou build capital cities in Western part of kingdom
Similar rule to Shang period
All government officials served as models for morality, fairness, and concern for the welfare of the people
Kings exercised direct control over core territory, indirect control over outlying areas (decentralized)

17. Western and Eastern Zhou Periods
Eastern Zhou Era (800 BCE)
Spring and Autumn Period (771 – 481 BCE)
Local rulers began to wage war on one another
Decline in the strength of central government
Independent states emerged
Warring States Period (480 – 221 BCE)
War between regional rulers for territory
Walls emerge to protect cities

18. Zhou Innovation Long defense walls Iron and steel metallurgy
Ancestors of the Great Wall
Iron and steel metallurgy
Written Codes of Law
Gov. Collects Taxes
Standardized $$$
Public Works Projects
Horse back riding

19. Eastern Zhou Philosophy
Legalism
“human nature is wicked and that people behave in an orderly fashion only if compelled by strict laws and harsh punishments”

20. Eastern Zhou Philosophy
Confucianism
“Government exists to serve the people, and the ruler gains respect and authority by displaying fairness and integrity”
Emphasize: benevolence, avoidance of violence, justice, rationalism, loyalty, and dignity
Concern for moral foundations of government

21. Eastern Zhou Philosophy
Daoism
The Universe is in constant flux, there are no absolute moral standards
Attempts to stop warfare by urging followers to follow the “path”
Avoidance of violence, minimal action

22. Zhou Social Order Development of 3-generation family
Development of the concept of private property
Yin and Yang justifies subordinate position of women
Male (Yang): sun, active, bright
Female (Yin): moon, passive, shaded, reflective

23. Primary Source The Analects: The Confucian School
P in World Civilizations Source Book

24. Ch. 2 Assessment and Review
Using the Standard World History book, complete the
Ch. 2 Assessment on p. 56,
Main Idea Questions (# 9-17 Only).
When finished, study for Quiz tomorrow!

25. Nubia 3100 BCE – 350 CE
Only continuously inhabited territory connecting Sub-Saharan Africa to North Africa

26. Nubia Rich natural resources
Gold, copper, semi-precious stones
Boats and caravans operated together to provide trade between Cataracts

27. Egyptian Domination of Nubia
Egypt exploits the mines of Nubia in search of gold resources
For 500 years, Egypt dominates Nubia both politically, socially, and religiously
Egyptian language
Served in Egyptian armed forces
Modeled towns
Erected temples
Worshipped Egyptian gods

28. Egypt under Nubian Control
Decline in Egypt leads to Nubian control
Kingdom of Meroe (800 BCE – 350 CE)
Center shifts south to enhance trade
Nubia rules all of Egypt as the 25th Dynasty
712 BCE BCE
Matrilineal
King succeeded by the son of his sister
Decline in Meroe due to war with nomads, shift in trade

29. Olmec 1200BCE- 400BCE
Civilization depended on rich plant diversity and fishing
Domestication of corn, beans, squash, manioc