1. UNIT - 4

2. Vessel Monitoring Systems
Vessel Monitoring Systems (VMS) is a general term to describe systems that are used in commercial fishing to allow environmental and fisheries regulatory organizations to track and monitor the activities of fishing vessels.
VMS systems are used to improve the management and sustainability of the marine environment, through ensuring proper fishing practices and the prevention of illegal fishing, and thus protect and enhance the livelihoods of fishermen.

3. Leasing Companies:
Leasing companies account for 45 percent of the demand for all containers manufactured.
Their demand largely depends on the profitability of leasing which in turn depends on the price of new containers, leasing rates, utilization rate, repositioning cost and other costs such as storage, management, and maintenance costs.

4. TYPES OF CARIER Common Carrier Contract Carrier Private Carrier
Exempt Carrier
Government Carrier

5. . Common Carrier - Services available to all
Contract Carrier - Services offered only to contracted parties
Private Carrier - Owned by individual companies for their exclusive use
Exempt Carrier - Those carriers transporting commodities for which operating authority from the ICC is required..(Interstate Commerce Commission)
Government Carrier - Owned, maintained & managed by the government authorities only

6. FREIGHT MANAGEMENT
There are five Transportation Management Strategies:
Reducing the number of carriers
Negotiating with carriers
Contracting with carriers
Consolidating shipments
Monitoring service quality

7. ROUTE PLANNING
For logistics and distribution companies the rising cost of fuel has meant that they need to become efficient in the way that they plan their transportation routes and schedules.
To accommodate customers short-notice requirements, route availability, and vehicle issues, route planning has to be able to quickly respond to any event to ensure the lowest cost of transportation.

8. Vessel Traffic Service
A vessel traffic service (VTS) is a marine traffic monitoring system established by harbour or port authorities, similar to air traffic controlfor aircraft.
Typical VTS systems use radar, closed-circuit television (CCTV), VHF radiotelephony and automatic identification system to keep track of vessel movements and provide navigational safety in a limited geographical area.

9. A document required when transferring a cargo container from one vessel to another, or to a shipping terminal.
 Receipt includes the container number, vessel/voyage code,
Stacking  position  and stowage position.

10. Shipping Containers
Shipping containers are one of the least understood alternative investment opportunities.
Because of this, and because of the loose regulations surrounding it, many people believe it’s a scam.
However, investing in shipping containers can be very profitable.

11. What Is a Shipping Container Investment?
A shipping container investment is an alternative investment where an investor (you) invests in shipping containers.
You purchase a container, and then turn around and lease them to shipping companies. Every month that your shipping container is used, you make money.
Because shipping is big business, many investors see this as an investment opportunity with significant return potential.

12. However, there are also many investors who view this as a confusing and somewhat unapproachable investment.
To assuage these fears, and to make the market more accessible, brokers fill the role of acting as a “middleman” between you and the shipping companies and manufacturers for shipping containers.
Brokers are paid a fee for their service, and then they help you locate and contract with shipping companies.

13. Ship repair industry
All ships need repair work at some point in their working lives. A part of these jobs must be carried out under the supervision of the classification society.
A lot of maintenance is carried out while at sea or in port by ship's crew. However a large number of repair and maintenance works can only be carried out while the ship is out of commercial operation, in a ship repair yard.
Prior to undergoing repairs, a tanker must dock at a deballasting station for completing the tank cleaning operations and pumping ashore its slops (dirty cleaning water and hydrocarbon residues).

14. Modern shipbuilding manufacturing techniques
Construction of prefabricated module blocks of HMS Dauntless atBAE's Portsmouth Shipyard.
Modern shipbuilding makes considerable use of prefabricated sections.
Entire multi-deck segments of the hull or superstructure will be built elsewhere in the yard, transported to the building dock or slipway, then lifted into place.
This is known as "block construction". The most modern shipyards pre-install equipment, pipes, electrical cables, and any other components within the blocks, to minimize the effort needed to assemble or install components deep within the hull once it is welded together.

15. .
Ship design work, also called naval architecture, may be conducted using a ship model basin.
Previously, loftsmen at the mould lofts of shipyards were responsible for taking the dimensions, and details from drawings and plans and translating this information into templates, battens, ordinates, cutting sketches, profiles, margins and other data.
However, since the early 1970s computer-aided design (CAD) became normal for the shipbuilding design and lofting process.

16. .
Modern ships, since roughly 1940, have been produced almost exclusively of welded steel.
Early welded steel ships used steels with inadequate fracture toughness, which resulted in some ships suffering catastrophic brittle fracture structural cracks (see problems of the Liberty ship).
Since roughly 1950, specialized steels such as ABS Steels with good properties for ship construction have been used.
Although it is commonly accepted that modern steel has eliminated brittle fracture in ships, some controversy still exists.
Brittle fracture of modern vessels continues to occur from time to time because grade A and grade B steel of unknown toughness or fracture appearance transition temperature (FATT) in ships' side shells can be less than adequate for all ambient conditions.