1. Examples of Word Origin
Лексикология Лекция 5. Этимология
Examples of Word Origin
Guru
Entrepreneur
Buffet
Rector
Tycoon
Propaganda
Genius
Hindi
French
Latin
Japanese
Italian
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2. Etymology of the English Word-stock
Etymology (Gr. etymon “truth” + Gr. logos “learning”) is a branch of linguistics that studies the origin and history of words tracing them to their earliest determinable source.
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3. The Origins of English Words
Native
Borrowed
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4. Definitions
A native word is a word which belongs to the original English word stock, as known from the earliest available manuscripts of the Old English period. A borrowed word (a borrowing, or a loan word) is a word taken over from another language and modified in phonemic shape, spelling, paradigm or meaning according to the standards of the English language.
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5. Words of Native Origin Words of the Indo-European origin (IE)
Words of common Germanic origin
English words proper
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6. Words of the Indo-European origin
Family relations: father, mother, brother, son, daughter
Parts of the human body: foot, nose, lip, heart, tooth
Animals and plants: cow, swine, goose, tree, birch, corn
The most important objects and phenomena of nature: sun, moon, star, wind, water, wood, hill, stone
Adjectives: hard, quick, slow, red, white, new
Numerals from 1 to 100: one, two, twenty, eighty
Pronouns – personal, except they (Sc.): I, you, he; demonstrative : that; interrogative: who
Some of the most frequent verbs: bear, do, be, sit, stand
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7. Words of common Germanic origin
Nouns denoting parts of the human body: head, arm, finger
Periods of time: summer, winter, time, week
Natural phenomena: storm, rain, flood, ice, ground, sea, earth
Artefacts and materials: bridge, house, shop, room, coal, iron, lead, cloth
Animals, plants and birds: sheep, horse, fox, crow, oak, grass
Adjectives denoting colours, size and other properties: broad, dead, deaf, deep, grey, blue
Verbs: see, hear, speak, tell, say, make, give
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8. Bird, boy, girl, lord, lady, woman, always
English words proper
Bird, boy, girl, lord, lady, woman, always
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9. Borrowings can be classified according to different criteria:
a) according to the aspect which is borrowed; b) according to the degree of assimilation; c) according to the language from which the word was borrowed
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10. Classification of Borrowings According to the Borrowed Aspect
There are the following groups:
phonetic borrowings,
translation loans,
semantic borrowings,
morphemic borrowings.
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11. Phonetic borrowings (loan words proper)
Words are borrowed with their spelling, pronunciation and meaning.
They undergo assimilation, each sound in the borrowed word is substituted by the corresponding sound of the borrowing language.
In some cases the spelling is changed. The structure of the word can also be changed.
labour, travel, table, chair, people
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12. Translation loans
word-for-word translations of some foreign words to take the bull by the horns (Latin), fair sex (French), collective farm (Russian)
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13. Semantic borrowings
such units when a new meaning of the unit existing in the language is borrowed e.g. semantic borrowings between Scandinavian and English to live for the word to dwell which in Old English had the meaning to wander
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14. Morphemic borrowings
borrowings of affixes which occur in the language when many words with identical affixes are borrowed from one language into another, so that the morphemic structure of borrowed words becomes familiar to the people speaking the borrowing language goddess (native root + Romanic suffix -ess) uneatable (English prefix un- + English root + Romanic suffix -able).
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15. Classification of Borrowings According to the Degree of Assimilation
The degree of assimilation of borrowings depends on the following factors: a) the group of languages the word was borrowed ; b) the way the word is borrowed: orally or in the written form ; c) the frequency of its usage; d) how long the word lives in the language.
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16. Borrowings are subdivided into:
completely assimilated,
partly assimilated,
non-assimilated (barbarisms).
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17. Completely assimilated borrowings
Completely assimilated borrowings are not felt as foreign words in the language. Completely assimilated verbs belong to regular verbs: correct – corrected.
Completely assimilated nouns form their plural by means of s-inflexion: piece – pieces.
In completely assimilated French words the stress has been shifted from the last syllable to the first one: capital, service.
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18. Partly assimilated borrowings
a) borrowings non-assimilated semantically, because they denote objects and notions peculiar to the country from the language of which they were borrowed: sari, sombrero (clothing) b) borrowings non-assimilated grammatically: some nouns borrowed from Latin and Greek retain their plural forms – bacillus-bacilli,
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19. Partly assimilated borrowings
c) borrowings non-assimilated phonetically, e.g. police, cartoon; d) borrowings partly assimilated graphically, e.g. in Greek borrowings ph denotes the sound [f] (phoneme, morpheme), ch denotes the sound [k] (chaos, chemistry).
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20. Non-assimilated borrowings
Non-assimilated borrowings (barbarisms) are borrowings which are used by Englishmen rather seldom and are non-assimilated, e.g. addio (Italian), têt-á- têt (French), duende (Spanish).
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21. Classification of Borrowings According to the Language from which they were Borrowed
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22. Historical causes of borrowing
The Roman invasion (1st c. B.C.),
The Introduction of Christianity (7th c. A.D.),
The Danish conquests (11th – 13th c. A.D.),
The Norman conquest (1066 A.D.),
The Renaissance period (14th – 16th c. A.D.),
Direct linguistic contacts and political, economical and cultural relationship with other nations.
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