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2. Chapter 7 The Jovian Planets
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3. Units of Chapter 7 Observations of Jupiter and Saturn
The Discoveries of Uranus and Neptune
Bulk Properties of the Jovian Planets
Jupiter’s Atmosphere
Atmospheres of the Outer Jovian Worlds
Jovian Interiors
Summary of Chapter 7
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4. 7.1 Observations of Jupiter and Saturn
Jupiter can be imaged well from Earth, even with a small telescope.
Here: Jupiter with its Galilean moons
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5. 7.1 Observations of Jupiter and Saturn
True-color image of Jupiter
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6. 7.1 Observations of Jupiter and Saturn
Natural-color image of Saturn
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7. 7.1 Observations of Jupiter and Saturn
Cassini image of Jupiter, true color
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8. 7.2 The Discoveries of Uranus and Neptune
Uranus, in natural color
Note the absence of features.
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9. 7.2 The Discoveries of Uranus and Neptune
Neptune in natural color
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10. 7.3 Bulk Properties of the Jovian Planets
The Jovian planets are large and much less dense than the terrestrial planets; Saturn is less dense than water!
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11. 7.3 Bulk Properties of the Jovian Planets
Jovian planets, compared to Earth
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12. 7.3 Bulk Properties of the Jovian Planets
Peculiarity of Uranus: Axis of rotation lies almost in the plane of its orbit. Seasonal variations are extreme.
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13. 7.4 Jupiter’s Atmosphere Atmosphere has bright zones and dark belts.
Zones are cooler and are higher than belts.
Stable flow underlies zones and bands, called zonal flow.
Simplified model:
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14. 7.4 Jupiter’s Atmosphere
Jupiter has no solid surface; take the top of troposphere to be 0 km.
Lowest cloud layer cannot be seen by optical telescopes.
Measurements by Galileo probe show high wind speeds even at great depth—probably due to heating from planet, not from Sun.
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15. 7.4 Jupiter’s Atmosphere
The Galileo probe descended into Jupiter’s atmosphere and returned valuable data. The arrow indicates its entry point.
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16. 7.4 Jupiter’s Atmosphere Major visible features:
Bands of clouds and the Great Red Spot
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17. 7.4 Jupiter’s Atmosphere
Hubble Space Telescope (HST) observations of the Great Red Spot: Merging spots are seen in the top sequence. Lower sequence shows the shrinking Great Red Spot between 1995 and 2014.
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18. 7.5 Atmospheres of the Outer Jovian Worlds
The atmosphere of Saturn is similar to that of Jupiter, except that Saturn is somewhat colder, its atmosphere is thicker, and its bands are fainter.
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19. 7.5 Atmospheres of the Outer Jovian Worlds
Saturn’s atmosphere is similar to Jupiter’s, except pressure is lower.
It has three cloud layers.
Cloud layers are thicker than Jupiter’s; we see only the top layer.
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20. 7.5 Atmospheres of the Outer Jovian Worlds
Saturn also has large storms. This 2011 storm generated its own band, as seen in this sequence of images from Cassini.
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21. 7.5 Atmospheres of the Outer Jovian Worlds
This storm was observed by the Cassini spacecraft in 2011 in visible light.
The right-hand image shows an infrared image taken after the band had faded in visible light.
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22. 7.5 The Atmospheres of the Outer Jovian Worlds
Saturn, like Earth and Venus, has enormous polar vortices that resemble huge storm systems. The southern vortex is shown in the top image, northern vortex on the bottom.
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23. 7.5 The Atmospheres of the Outer Jovian Worlds
Rotation of Uranus can be measured by watching storms.
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24. 7.5 The Atmospheres of the Outer Jovian Worlds
Neptune has storm systems similar to those on Jupiter, but fewer. The large storm system at the top has disappeared in recent years.
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25. 7.6 Jovian Interiors
No direct information is available about Jupiter’s interior, but its main components, hydrogen and helium, are quite well understood. The central portion is thought to be a rocky core.
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26. 7.6 Jovian Interiors
Interior structure of Uranus and Neptune, compared to that of Jupiter and Saturn
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27. 7.6 Jovian Interiors Jupiter’s magnetosphere:
Intrinsic field strength is 20,000 times that of Earth.
Magnetosphere can extend beyond the orbit of Saturn.
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28. 7.6 Jovian Interiors
Aurorae are seen on Jupiter and have the same cause as those on Earth—the interaction of solar wind particles with the magnetosphere.
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29. 7.6 Jovian Interiors
Uranus and Neptune both have substantial magnetic fields, but at a large angle to their rotation axes.
The rectangle within each planet shows a bar magnet that would produce a similar field. Note that both Uranus’s and Neptune’s are significantly off center.
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30. Summary of Chapter 7
Jupiter and Saturn were known to the ancients; Uranus was discovered by chance, and Neptune was predicted from anomalies in the orbit of Uranus.
Jovian planets are large but not dense; they are fluid and display differential rotation.
Cloud layers have light zones and dark bands; wind pattern, called zonal flow, is stable.
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31. Summary of Chapter 7, cont.
Storms appear with regularity; the Great Red Spot of Jupiter has lasted for hundreds of years (that we know of).
Due to conductive interiors and rapid rotation, Jovian planets have large magnetic fields.
Jupiter, Saturn, and Neptune radiate more energy than they receive from the Sun.
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